2018年考研英语一真题及答案(共34页).docx

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,itsanecessarycondition1manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour2,inthewrongplaceofte

2、ncarriesahigh3.4,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood.5peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto7withoneanother.Scientistshavefoundthatexposure8thishormoneputsusinatrusting9:InaS

3、wissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse.11forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay12us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13acr

4、ediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlerswereeach14toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,“Whatsinhere?”beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,“Wow!”Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook15.Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf16thecontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad17them

5、.Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership.19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe“20”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.1.AonBlikeCforDfrom2.AfaithBconcernCattentionDinterest3.AbenefitBdebtChopeDpr

6、ice4.AThereforeBThenCInsteadDAgain5.AUntilBUnlessCAlthoughDWhen6.AselectsBproducesCappliesDmaintains7.AconsultBcompeteCconnectDcompare8.AatBbyCofDto9.AcontextBmoodCperiodDcircle10.AcounterpartsBsubstitutesCcolleaguesDsupporters11.AFunnyBLuckyCOddDIronic12.AmonitorBprotectCsurpriseDdelight13.Abetween

7、BwithinCtowardDover14.AtransferredBaddedCintroducedDentrusted15.AoutBbackCaroundDinside16.AdiscoveredBprovedCinsistedD.remembered17.AbetrayedBwrongedCfooledDmocked 18.AforcedBwillingChesitantDentitled19.AIncontrastBAsaresultCOnthewholeDForinstance20.AinflexibleBincapableCunreliableDunsuitableSection

8、IIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:Whathappenswhentherobotscomef

9、ortheirjobs?Dontdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathighriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredontappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucking,financialadvice,softwareen

10、gineeringhavearousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.Thisisnttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidntgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsand

11、createdmorejobsthanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldber

12、ethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Curriculumsfromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditiona

13、lkind.Itcouldmakeextratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt. ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalch

14、ange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaventbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavet

15、oberethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindt

16、heirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?ALeadingpoliticians.BLow-wagelaborers.CRobotowners.DMiddle-classworkers.22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthors

17、view?AWorriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.BOptimistsopinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.CIssuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackledDNegativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided23.EducationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasisonAcreativepotential.Bjob-huntingskills.Cindividualneeds.Dcooperative

18、spirit.24.TheauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedatAencouragingthedevelopmentofautomation.Bincreasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment.Ceasingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor.Dpreventingtheincomegapfromwidening. 25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwithAopposingviewsonit.Bpossiblesolutionstoit.Citsalarmi

19、ngimpacts.Ditsmajorvariations.Text2AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrumpsuseofTwitter.TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersource,Notapresidentssocialmediaplatform.MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatoch

20、eckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.Andasu

21、rveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“distributedtrust”toverify

22、stories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectivesespeciallythosethatareopenaboutanybias.“Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,”thesurveyconcluded.Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveycondu

23、ctedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeoplesrelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Th

24、isforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis“readererror,”moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin“misinterpretationorexaggerationofactual

25、news”viasocialmedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue.“Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,”saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkin

26、gskillsandintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia. 26.AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscastdoubtsonAthejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice.Bpeoplespreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms.Ctheadministrationsabilitytohandleinformation.Dsocialmediawasareliablesourceofnews.27.Thephrase“be

27、erup”(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningtoAsharpenBdefineCboastDshare28.Accordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey,youngpeopleAtendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace.Bverifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresources.Chavesstrongsenseofresponsibility.Dliketoexchangeviewson“distributedtrust”29.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamai

28、ncauseforthefakenewsproblemisAreadersoutdatedvalues.BjournalistsbiasedreportingCreadersmisinterpretationDjournalistsmade-upstories.30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?AARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnlineBACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrendCTheAccumulationofMutualTrustonS

29、ocialMedia.DThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests. Text3Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritainsNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthisworka

30、ppliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.ItIsagainstthatbackgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsIn2015onth

31、ebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatientsrightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy.DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.Furtherarrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedofpatien

32、tsandallunnecessarydatahasbeencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn.Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemostimportant.MsDenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,sinceunderexistinglawit“controlled”thedataandDeepMindmerely“processedit.Butthisdistinctionmissesthep

33、ointthatitisprocessingandaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatathatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks.

34、Thedataofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore.Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.ItisnotenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatientsandsavelives.Whatmatte

35、rsisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftwarepromisestosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,bigdatamaybeexpectedtobehaveasabigpharmhasdone.Wearestillatthebeginningofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegiganticconsequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillben

36、eededtoavoidafutureofdigitalfeudalism.MsDenhamsreportisawelcomestart.31.WhaistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?AItcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.BItfailedtopaydueattentiontopatientsrights.CItfellshortofthelattersexpectationsDItputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.32.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDen

37、hamsverdictwithAemptypromises.Btoughresistance.Cnecessaryadjustments.Dsincereapologies. 33.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2thatAprivacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcosts.Bleakingpatientsdataisworsethansellingit.Cmakingprofitsfrompatientsdataisillegal.Dthevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit34.Accordingto

38、thelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdealisAtheviciousrivalryamongbigpharmas.Btheineffectiveenforcementofprivacylaw.Ctheuncontrolleduseofnewsoftware.Dthemonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants.35.TheauthorsattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareisAambiguous.Bcautious.Cappreciative.Dcontemptuous.Te

39、xt4TheU.S.PostalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.Itreportedanetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal2016,the10thstraightyearitsexpenseshaveexceededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirementcosts.Therearemanybankruptcies.Fundamentally,theUSPSisinahistoricsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanentlydecreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,andaregulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustitsoperationstothenewrealityAndinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakersexertself-interestedp