英语专四复习大纲.doc

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1、英语专四复习大纲英语专四复习大纲 III 完型填空(Part III: Cloze) 1. 测试要求: (a )能在全面理解所给短文内容的基础上,选择一个最佳答案使短文意思和结构恢复完整. (b)考试时间15分钟 2.测试形式: 本部分采用多项选择题.在一篇约250个单词 题材熟练难度中等的短文中留出20个空白.每个空白为一题,每题有四个选项.填空的词涉及语法和词汇. 3.测试目的: 测试学生的综合语言知识和能力 IV.语法与词汇. (Part IV: Grammar and Vocabulary) 1. 测试要求: ( a) 掌握并能运用规定的一至四级语法内容. (b) 掌握规定的基础阶段认

2、知词汇(5500-6000),并且能正确 熟练地运用其中的 3000-4000个单词及其最基本的搭配 (c) 考试时间15分钟 2.测试形式: 本部分采用多项选择题.共30道题,每题有四个选项.题目中约50%为词汇词组和短语用法题,其余为语法结构题. 3.测试目的: 测试学生掌握词汇短语及基本语法概念的熟练程度. 语法考查项目 1 从句及其引导词 2 非谓语动词 3 虚拟语气 4 情态动词 5 动词时态、语态 6 限定词（不定代词） 7 倒装 8 主谓一致 9 句子结构 词汇考查形式 1 单词辨析 1）形近词辨析 2）义近词辨析 2 短语辨析 3 词汇搭配 4 词的用法 完形填空应试策略 完形

3、填空与单选相同之处：词汇知识 语法知识 完形填空与单选不同之处： 篇章上下文确定答案而非单句确定 篇章逻辑关系承接词 a句与句之间 b段与段之间 c意群与意群之间 篇章作用词汇群1词汇复现原词复现 同义、近义词复现 反义词复现 同源词复现 上义词复现：概述词下义词复现：分述词2 场所同现3 修饰同现4 因果同现5 结构同现 一 注意词汇知识的运用完形填空中对词的考查以实词为主,如名词、形容词、动词、副词等.其中有相当一部分词汇题中各个选项之间并无大的联系.这类题要求考生应从上下文的语义入手,根据各选项单词的意思和结构进行选择. 二 运用篇章知识一个完整的语篇一篇内容充实、结构合理、行文流畅的短

4、文所依赖的不只是词汇和语法更多的是篇章技巧。作者借助于篇章技巧成文考生在复现作者的语言时同样可以借助篇章技巧。完形填空毕竟不同于单项选择作为一个意思连贯、结构完整的语篇其中篇章技巧的使用是完形填空解题中至关重要的手段。 1运用词汇复现技巧 复现有原词复现、同义词复现、反义词复现、概括词复现等。完形 填空中考生可以利用上下文的复现信息确定正确的表达方式。 2 运用词汇同现技巧同现指意义上相互联系的单词同时出现在同一语篇当中。一个语篇一个话题要求与之相联的词汇。由于单词意义的差别、所使用的语域不同因此所适应的上下文也各有别。为了保证语篇的和谐性、得体性有必要以话题为中心了解相关单词组成的词汇链。

5、三 逻辑关系一个完整的语篇应该是符合逻辑的文章逻辑关系的取得主要靠转承语的使用。正确使用转承语是保证文章连贯和谐保证文章逻辑的有效手段。作者利用转承语保证文章的逻辑考生在做完形填空时通过自己对上下文的理解找到适当的逻辑关系然后选择正确的转承语因此有必要掌握转承语的用法。 完形填空的目的不是阅读而是根据阅读掌握的信息恢复写作的原貌。从转承语上来说即要求考生根据文章的语义发展和逻辑关系确定适当的词语。 转承语与连词不同。连词一般是句子层面上的东西要求考生所理解的是一句中主从句之间的语义联系而转承语要求考生掌握的是语篇层面上的东西考生需根据语篇上下文的逻辑关系才能确定适当的表达发方式。因此在转承语的

6、选择上考生要仔细阅读文章的上下文内容从整体上去把握。 四 根据文章类型结构解答完形填空完形填空多以说明文和议论文为主说明文、议论文一般采用分类、比较对照、因果、例证等方式谋篇。正确把握文章的结构类型有助于文章的理解也因此有助于完形填空的解答。完形填空的任务是在正确理解短文的基础上再现作者的语言表达方式为此考生应注意加强文章谋篇布局的分析。 段落类型的知识不仅有利于短文的理解帮助考生掌握文章的语义发展逻辑掌握文章的细节内容考生也可以根据段落类型所提供的信息确定完形填空的选项。 1 根据段落类型确定适当的转承语 2 根据段落类型寻找复现、同现信息 3 从段落类型入手把握文章内容完形填空首先是阅读理

7、解。如果考生能了解段落的结构模式对掌握文章的具体内容是十分有帮助的。 总结：完形填空能力的提高以语言知识、词汇知识、句法知识、语法知识、篇章结构知识为基础。在平时的词汇学习中应注意以话题为中心培养词汇的同现意识。另外在进行阅读时注意分析各类文章的叙事逻辑同时加强写作训练。语言能力的发展是一个综合能力发展的过程听说读写一项不可偏废。 语法知识 一、虚拟语气Subjunctive mood 虚拟语气:表示说话人的主观愿望、假设、怀疑或推测等 （一）虚拟语气在简单句中的用法 1 虚拟语气可用在口语中使语气显得比较客气委婉。通常谓语由“should, would, could, might加动词原形”

8、构成 1）陈述自己的看法 I should like to have a talk with you. I would like to say a few words about it. 2）提出请求或邀请 Would you mind opening the door? Could you e and see me tomorrow? 3）提出建议或劝告 You might as well tell me the truth. Youd like some coffee, wouldnt you? 4）提出问题 What would you advise me to do? Could yo

9、u tell me your telephone number? 2 虚拟语气可用于简单句中表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止或命令等 1）用动词原形 Long live the munist Party of China! 中国共产党万岁！ God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你！ God damn you! 该死的！ Heaven forbid! 上天不容！ Somebody fetch a basin of water. 谁去打盆水来。 Everybody e in! 大家都近来！ 2）may用于句首动词用原形 May you be happy! May you succeed! （二）虚拟语气在

10、if条件状语从句中的用法 1对现在情况假设即与现在事实相反 主句-情态v.+ v.原形 从句-v.过去式(bewere) 2对过去情况假设, 即与过去事实相反 主句-情态v.+ have done(v.现在完成式) 从句-had done (v.过去完成式) 3对将来情况假设即将来不太可能实现的情况 主句-情态v.+ v.原形 从句-v.过去式（bewere）should + v.原形were to + v.原形 虚拟语气中常用情态动词为：would, should, might, could Eg. If they had time, they would study Russian, to

11、o. If I were you, I should go and see the doctor at once. I could have met her if I had e a few minutes earlier. If she hadnt got up late, she wouldnt have been late for school. If it rained tomorrow, the sports meet would be put off. If it should rain tomorrow, the sports meet would be put off. If

12、it were to rain tomorrow, the sports meet would be put off. 省if 在书面语和正式文体中从句中有were, should, had 可省if把were, should, had放/提到主语之前。 Eg. If it were not for their support, we would be in a very difficult position. Were it not for their support, we would be in a very difficult position. If I had left a lit

13、tle earlier, I would have caught the train. Had I left a little earlier, I would have caught the train. If it should rain tomorrow, what would we do? Should it rain tomorrow, what would we do? 错综时间有时候条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作发生的时间是不一致的（如一个是过去发生的一个是现在发生的）。这种句子被称为错综时间条件句(Conditional Sentence of Mixed Time)。这时

14、主、从句中谓语动词的形式应按各自时间变化。 Eg. If you had seen the doctor in good time, you would be quite all right now. If we hadnt repaired the roof last summer, the living room would be wet now. （三）wish宾语从句 用在wish后的宾语从句中表示不可实现的愿望。 主句通常为I wish, 从句用下列形式： 1与现在事实相反,即目前未能实现的愿望 从句-v.过去式(bewere) 2与过去事实相反即过去未能实现的愿望 从句 -had

15、done(v.过去完成式)情态v.+ have done（动词的完成式） 3将来不太可能实现的愿望 从句-情态v. + v原形 注：如果将wish改为wished,that从句的动词形式不变； 动词hope的that从句用陈述语气而不用虚拟语气。 Eg. I wish I were young again. Sometimes I wish I were living in a different time and a different pla. I wish you had told me sooner. I wish you would have called yesterday. I

16、wish they would tell us the truth. （四）特殊v.后的宾语从句中特殊v.为表示“命令、建议、要求、请求、坚持”等意义的动词；宾语从句中动词形式为：(should) + v.原形这些动词常见的有：ask, require, request, suggest, propose, order, advocate, agree, mand, demand, direct, insist, advise, prefer, second, urge, move, remend, permit, allow, intend, desire, beg, forbid, dec

17、ide, arrange etc.Eg. He suggested that we should start at once.Would you prefer that I _ with you?A am going to fishing B will go fishingC would go fishing D go fishing We desire that the tour leader _ us immediately of any change in plans. A inform B informs C informed D had informed 1 上述动词的名词后的同位语

18、从句或表语从句中也要求相同形式的虚拟语气。 advice, agreement, requirement, request, suggestion, proposal, order, demand, insistence, preference, second, urge, motion, remendation, permission, intention, desire, etc. Eg. His suggestion was that we should start at once.The order soon came that all civilians should evacuat

19、e the village.We knew his insistence that he do the work himself. I second Mr. Greens motion that the meeting be put off until next week. 2上述动词的形容词后的that主语从句也要求相同形式的虚拟语气。 advisable, desirable, preferable, urgent, It is advisable that you (should) go to see a doctor. It is desirable that you (should)

20、 speak the language fluently. 3 上述动词的被动式引出的主语从句中也要求相同形式的虚拟语气。 It is decided that.It is arranged that. Eg. It is remended that the project _ until all the preparations have been made. A not be started B will not be started C is not started D is not to be started （五）as if/as though引导的方式状语从句中 真实方式状从：He

21、 looks as if he is young. (He is really young.) 虚拟方式状从： 1与现在事实相反 从句v.过去式(be在一、三人称后可用was/were通常用were较多) 2与过去事实相反 从句v.过去完成式(had done) 3与将来事实相反即将来不太可能发生 从句-情态v. (might) + v. 原形 Eg. He talks as if he were a scholar. (In fact, he is not a scholar.) He speaks as if he had seen it with his own eyes. (Actua

22、lly, he didnt see it at all.) It looks as if it might rain. （六）lest, for fear that, in case （惟恐、以免、以防）引导的目的状语从句中 从句中谓语动词用should + v. 原形 lest 引导的目的状从中should 常可省略 in case 引导的目的状语从句有真实和虚拟两种真实条件句中不用虚拟语气。例如：Take an umbrella in case it rains. Eg. Ill be kind to her lest she decide to leave me. He jotted t

23、he name down for fear that he should forget it. Heres some money in case you should need it. He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain. I had to restrain him lest he should give us away.（约束；暴露） He put his coat over the child for fear that /lest he should catch cold. He burned all the importa

24、nt documents for fear that they should fall into the enemys hands. Ill keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind. （七）whatever, whoever, no matter what之类代词或副词（词组）引起的让步状语从句中从句谓语动词多用 may加动词原形构成。 Whatever defects he may have, he is an honest man. I wont let you in whoever you may be. No ma

25、tter what you may say, I am determined to do what I think is right. e what may, we will go ahead. 这时如果指的是一个过去的动作may后面的动词就要用完成式。 The party was a success, however inadequate the preparations may have been. You mustnt be proud, however much you may have achieved. （八）在It is + adj./n. + that等结构后的主语从句中 从句

26、谓语动词用should 加动词原形should 可省略。（如果动作是过去发生的可用should 加动词的完成式。）这里的形容词表示“重要性、必要性、可能性、命令、请求、建议”等 常见词有：important, essential, vital, necessary, imperative, natural, strange, proper, advisable, desirable, preferable, urgent, incredible, it is a pity, it is a shame, it is no wonder, It is imperative that we sho

27、uld practice criticism and self-criticism. It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible. It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project. It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortings. It seems incredible that he should have finis

28、hed the work so soon. It is quite natural that such fears should arise. It is a great pity that he should be so conceited.（自大） （九）特殊句型 1 It is + (high/very/about) time + that 从句从句中谓语动词用过去式。 Its about time that class began. Its high time they were taught a lesson. 2 S. + would sooner/ would just as s

29、oon/ would rather/ had rather + that 从句 从句中谓语动词用过去式 I would rather you came tomorrow/you didnt do that. 从句中虚拟语气的形式与wish之后的that从句相同 (注意：在would rather后的从句中过去式可用于表示现在或将来情况的虚拟语气) Id rather (that) he had been here yesterday. Id rather he were here now. Id rather he would be here tomorrow. Id rather you c

30、ame next weekend. I would (just) as soon that he had not spoken rudely to me. 3 用于表示惊奇、喜悦、怀疑、不满等意义的形容词后的状语从句中从句中谓语动词用should加动词原形或完成式。 I am sorry, we were surprised, they were disappointed, Im sorry that he should say so. Im surprised that I should be accorded such a hearty wele. （十）其它词或短语引导虚拟语气 1 If

31、 only + 从句 1 与现在事实相反 从句v.过去式（be 用were） 2 与过去事实相反 从句v.过去完成式。 3 与将来事实相反,即将来不太可能实现 从句-情态v. + v.原形 Eg. If only I had a million dollars/I were a millionaire. If only I hadnt lost it/I had studied puter at college. If only I would go abroad. 2 But for + n. (短语)及without + n. (短语)结构中主句用虚拟语气。 与现在事实相反主句谓语动词用情

32、态v. + v. 原形 与过去事实相反主句谓语动词用情态v. + v. 现在完成式(have done) but for=if it were not for / if it had not been for but that=but for the fact that but for后面接名词but that后面接从句二者均表示“要是没有” 的意思。 Eg. Without air there would be no life at all. But for your help, we couldnt have finished the task on time. But that I sa

33、w it, I could not have believed it. She would have fallen but that I caught her. 3 事实陈述句 + or/otherwise/or else +虚拟句 与现在事实相反主句谓语动词用情态v. + v. 原形 与过去事实相反主句谓语动词用情态v. + v. 现在完成式(have done) Eg. I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the parade. 二、非谓语动词 非谓语动词既有非动词特征又有动词特征。 非动词特征： 不定式具有n

34、. adj. adv. 的特征在句中担任除谓语外任何成分； 动名词具有n. 特征在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语； 分词具有adj. adv. 特征在句中可作主语、表语、宾补、状语； 动词特征：有语态和部分时态的变化；可以有自己的宾语和状语同其宾语和状语一起构成短语；还可有逻辑主语 区别：动名词名词；习惯性动作 不定式将来；一次性动作 分词：现在分词动作正在进行；表主动过去分词动作已经完成；表被动 （一）不定式 1 形式： to + v.原形否定式：not to do 主动形式：一般式to do进行式to be doing完成式to have done完成进行式to have been doi

35、ng 被动形式：一般式to be done完成式to have been done 1)一般式：不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或者 在谓语动词表示的饿动作之后发生。 Im glad to see you.（同时发生） They invited us to e to a party.（不定式动作后发生） 2)完成式：不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前 Im glad to have seen your mother. = Im glad that I have your mother. The enemy was reported to have surrendered.

36、 = It was reported that the enemy had surrendered. 3)进行式：谓语动词表示的动作发生时不定式表示的动作正在进行。 They are said to be building another bridge over the river. = It is said that they are building another bridge over the river. 4)完成进行式：在谓语动词表示的动作发生前不定式表示的动作一直在进行。 They are said to have been collecting folk songs there

37、. = It is said that they have been collecting folk songs there. 关于不定式的时态考试中主要测试一般式、进行式和完成式的区 别多数试题将正确答案设置在完成式上。为了更好地理解和掌握 这一语法测试点研读和比较下列句子。 They expected their son to do well in the examination. They expected their son to be doing well during the examination. They expected their son to have done wel

38、l in the examination. 2 不定式作用 作主语 Eg. To master a foreign language is not easy. Its not easy to master a foreign language. Its the greatest happiness of life to love and to be loved. 注：不定式（短语）作主语通常转化成It + is/was + adj./n. + 不定式（短语）其中it 是形式主语(form subject)真正的主语是后面的不定式（短语） 作表语 Eg. Her wish is to be a

39、teacher. She seems to be happy. 作宾语 Eg. He loved to listen to music. I find it difficult to speak English fluently. 下列及物动词要求不定式作宾语： afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, care, choose, decide, desire, demand, determine, help, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refus

40、e, seem, strive, tend, wish, 作定语 Eg. He is the best man to consult with. There is a lot of work to do. 注：不定式通常作后置定语而且vi.后要加介词 作状语 a目的状语 Eg. I started early so as to /in order to get there before dark. so as to 和in order to 是不定式的强调形式 so as to用在句中 in order to 用在句中或句首 否定形式：not to doso as not to doin or

41、der not to do b原因状语 Eg. We are proud to be members of this team. We jumped with joy to hear of the good news. c结果状语 Eg. He is too young to go to school. He is old enough to go to school. I hurried to the railway station only to find that the train had left. He behaved so foolishly as to make me thin

42、k that he is out of his senses. His story is so sad as to arouse our sympathy. so as to / such as to so as to/such as to so/such 区别：so + adj. such + n. so/such排序：so + adj. + a/an + n. such + a/an + adj. + n. Eg. Hers is such a sad story as to arouse our sympathy. Hers is so sad a story as to arouse

43、our sympathy. Her story is such as to arouse our sympathy. 作补语 a宾补 Eg. China expects everyone to do his duty. I could make them understand me. 补：要求不定式作宾补的动词：ask, tell, want, expect, invite, allow, forbid, force, oblige, urge, advise, persuadesb. to do sth. 要求省to不定式作宾补的动词：make/have/let sb. do sth. he

44、lp sb. to do sth. 主语不直接参与动作 help sb. do sth. 主语直接参与动作 Eg. This kind of soap will help us to wash the clothes more easily. They always help me do my homework. b主补 Eg. We were made to pay the money. A man was seen to enter the house. 注：主被动语态转换 S. make sb. do sth.sb. be made to do sth. S. saw a man ent

45、er the house.A man was seen to enter the house. S. saw a man entering the house.A man was seen entering the house. 3 结构与考点 否定式 You must promise never to do that again. 疑问词+不定式（作主语、宾语、宾补、表语） 介词+疑问词+不定式（作状语） Eg. Where to stay has not been decided yet.（主语）She doesnt know what to do.（动词宾语）He had no idea

46、 of how to do.（介词宾语） I ask him where to get this book.（宾语补足语）The question is which to choose.（表语） I want a room with big windows, through which to see the sea.（状语） 复合结构：for sb. to do sth. It is + adj./n. + for/of sb. to do sth. （当形容词为表示“性格特征或行为表现”的形容词时介词用of如kind, wrong, polite, wise） Eg. The book is

47、 too difficult for the students to read. There is no need for her to e. Its difficult for us to learn English well. Its kind of you to help me with my English. 独立结构：作插入语表示说话人的看法or态度 Eg. To be frank (with you), I dont care much for your project. They are, so to speak, grown up boys.（可以这么说） He is not a bad man, to be sure.（固然） to be ho