2018年考研英语一真题及答案(原题+答案+详解).pdf

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1、2018年考研英语一真题（后附答案详解）Section I Use of English Directions ： Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, its a necessary condition _(1) many worthwhile things: child care, f

2、riendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your _(2)in the wrong place often carries a high _(3). _(4), why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. _(5) people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that _(6) pleasurable feelings and

3、triggers the herding instruct that leads sheep to flock together for safety and prompts humans to _(7) with one another. Swiss Scientists have found that exposure _(8) this hormone puts us in a trusting _(9): In a study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subject

4、s were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their _(10) who inhaled something else. _(11) for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may _(12) us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate _(13) a credible person an

5、d a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each _(14) to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “Whats in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow! ” Each subject was then invited to look _ (15). Half of them found a toy; the other half _ (16)th

6、e container was empty-and realized the tester had _(17) them. Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were _ (18) to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. _ (19), only five of the 30 children paired with the “_(20)“tester

7、 participated in a follow-up activity. 1. Aon Blike Cfor Dfrom 2. Afaith Bconcern Cattention Dinterest 3. Abenefit Bdebt Chope Dprice 4. ATherefore BThen CInstead DAgain 5. AUntil B Unless CAlthough DWhen 6. Aselects Bproduces C applies Dmaintains 7. Aconsult Bcompete Cconnect Dcompare 8. Aat Bby Co

8、f Dto 9. Acontext Bmood Cperiod Dcircle 10. Acounterparts Bsubstitutes C colleagues D supporters 11. AFunny BLucky COdd DIronic 12. Amonitor Bprotect Csurprise Ddelight 13. Abetween Bwithin C toward Dover 14. Atransferred Badded C introduced Dentrusted 15. Aout Bback Caround Dinside 16. Adiscovered

9、Bproved Cinsisted Dremembered 17. Abetrayed Bwronged Cfooled Dmocked18. Aforced Bwilling C hesitant Dentitled 19. AIn contrast BAs a result COn the whole DFor instance 20. Ainflexible B incapable C unreliable DunsuitableSection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Ans

10、wer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （40 points）Text 1 Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs? Don

11、t dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care dont appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucki

12、ng, financial advice, software engineering have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine. This isnt to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didnt go so well for Luddites wh

13、ose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-

14、class workers may need a lot of help adjusting. The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity

15、and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skil

16、ls will be able to do so without going into debt. The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dr

17、eaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality havent been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them. Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net wi

18、ll have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality. Technology will improve society in ways big and small over

19、the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable. 21.【题干】 Who will be most threatened by automation?ALeadin

20、g politicians.BLow-wage laborers.CRobot owners.DMiddle-class workers.22 . 【题干】 Which of the following best represent the authors view?AWorries about automation are in fact groundless.BOptimists opinions on new tech find little support.CIssues arising from automation need to be tackledDNegative conse

21、quences of new tech can be avoided23.【题干】 Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on_.Acreative potential.Bjob-hunting skills.Cindividual needs.Dcooperative spirit.24.【题干】 The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at_.Aencouraging the development of automation.Bincreasing th

22、e return on capital investment.Ceasing the hostility between rich and poor.Dpreventing the income gap from widening.25. 【题干】 In this text, the author presents a problem with_.Apposing views on it.Bpossible solutions to it.Cits alarming impacts.Dits major variations. Text 2 A new survey by Harvard Un

23、iversity finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trumps use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a presidents social media platform. Most Americans rely on social media to check daily h

24、eadlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake new

25、s, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for Buzz Feed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant. Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Found

26、ation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives especially those that ar e open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility f

27、or educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded. Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young peoples reliance on social media led

28、 to greater political engagement. Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey

29、 by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social mediaIn oth

30、er words, the choice to share ne ws on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group. So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal

31、a mental discipline in thinking skills and in their choices on when to share on social media. 26.【题干】 According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on 【选项】 Athe justification of the news-filtering practice. Bpeoples preference for social media platforms. Cthe administrations

32、ability to handle information. Dsocial media was a reliable source of news. 27.【题干】 The phrase “beer up ”(Line 2, Para.2) is closest in meaning to 【选项】 A Asharpen Bdefine Cboast Dshare 28.【题干】 According to the knight foundation survey, young people 【选项】 Atend to voice their opinions in cyberspace. B

33、verify news by referring to diverse resources. Chave s strong sense of responsibility. Dlike to exchange views on “distributed trust” 29. 【题干】The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is 【选项】 Areaders outdated values.Bjournalists biased reporting Creaders misinterpretation D

34、journalists made-up stories. 30.【题干】 Which of the following would be the best title for the text? 【选项】 AA Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online BA Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend CThe Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media. DThe Platforms for Projection of Personal Inte

35、rests. Text 3 Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britains National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applie

36、d to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to Deep

37、Mind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients rights and their expectations of privacy. DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NH

38、S and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleanedThere are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms. De

39、nham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed“ it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value. The great question is w

40、ho should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is co

41、mpared with the data of countless millions more. The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters

42、is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn o

43、ut to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms. Denhams report is a welcome start. 31.【题干】 Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?【选项】 AIt caused conflicts among tech giants. BIt failed to pay due attention to pat

44、ients rights. CIt fell short of the latters expectations DIt put both sides into a dangerous situation. 32.【题干】 The NHS trust responded to Denhams verdict with 【选项】 Aempty promises. Btough resistance. Cnecessary adjustments. Dsincere apologies. 33.【题干】 The author argues in Paragraph 2 that 【选项】 Apri

45、vacy protection must be secured at all costs. Bleaking patients data is worse than selling it. Cmaking profits from patients data is illegal. Dthe value of data comes from the processing of it 34. 【题干】According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is_ 【选项】 Athe vicious rivalr

46、y among big pharmas. Bthe ineffective enforcement of privacy law. Cthe uncontrolled use of new software. Dthe monopoly of big data by tech giants. 35.【题干】 The authors attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is 【选项】 Aambiguous. Bcautious. Cappreciative. Dcontemptuous. Text 4 The U.S. Post

47、al Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptc

48、ies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USP