2022年考研英语一新题型--七选五4.docx

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1、2022年考研英语一新题型-七选五4七选五或填空式阅读1Passage7TwentyyearsagoadebateeruptedaboutwhethertherewerespecificAsianvalues.Mostattentionfocusedondubiousclaimsbyautocratsthatdemocracywasnotamongthem.Butamoreintriguing,iflessnoticed,argumentwasthattraditionalfamilyvalueswerestrongerinAsiathaninAmericaandEurope,andthatt

2、hispartlyaccountedforAsia’seconomicsuccess.(1)_Onthefaceofithisclaimappearspersuasivestill.InmostofAsia,marriageiswidespreadandillegitimacyalmostunknown.Incontrast,halfofmarriagesinsomeWesterncountriesendindivorce,andhalfofallchildrenarebornoutsidewedlock.TherecentriotsacrossBritain,whoseorigi

3、nsmanybelievelieinanabsenceofeitherparentalguidanceorfilialrespect,seemtounderlineaprofounddifferencebetweenEastandWest.YetmarriageischangingfastinEast,South-EastandSouthAsia,eventhougheachregionhasdifferenttraditions.ThechangesaredifferentfromthosethattookplaceintheWestinthesecondhalfofthe20thcentu

4、ry.Divorce,thoughrisinginsomecountries,remainscomparativelyrare.What’shappeninginAsiaisaflightfrommarriage.Marriageratesarefallingpartlybecausepeoplearepostponinggettinghitched.Marriageageshaverisenallovertheworld,buttheincreaseisparticularlymarkedinAsia.(2)_AlotofAsiansarenotmarryinglater.The

5、yarenotmarryingatall.AlmostathirdofJapanesewomenintheirearly30sareunmarried;probablyhalfofthosewillalwaysbe.(3)_Sofar,thetrendhasnotaffectedAsia’stwogiants,ChinaandIndia.Womenareretreatingfrommarriageastheygointotheworkplace.That’spartlybecause,forawoman,beingbothemployedandmarriedistoug

6、hinAsia.Womentherearetheprimarycaregiversforhusbands,childrenand,often,forageingparents;andevenwheninfull-timeemployment,theyareexpectedtocontinuetoplaythisrole.Thisistrueelsewhereintheworld,buttheburdenthatAsianwomencarryisparticularlyheavy.(4)_Notsurprisingly,Asianwomenhaveanunusuallypessimisticvi

7、ewofmarriage.Accordingtoasurveycarriedoutthisyear,manyfewerJapanesewomenfeltpositiveabouttheirmarriagethandidJapanesemen,orAmericanwomenormen.Atthesametimeasemploymentmakesmarriagetougherforwomen,itoffersthemanalternative.Morewomenarefinanciallyindependent,somoreofthemcanpursueasinglelifethatmayappe

8、almorethanthedrudgeryofatraditionalmarriage.Moreeducationhasalsocontributedtothedeclineofmarriage,becauseAsianwomenwiththemosteducationhavealwaysbeenthemostreluctanttowedandtherearenowmanymorehighlyeducatedwomen.TheflightfrommarriageinAsiaisthustheresultofthegreaterfreedomthatwomenenjoythesedays,whi

9、chistobecelebrated.Butitisalsocreatingsocialproblems.ComparedwiththeWest,Asiancountrieshaveinvestedlessinpensionsandotherformsofsocialprotection,ontheassumptionthatthefamilywilllookafterageingorillrelatives.Thatcannolongerbetakenforgranted.Thedeclineofmarriageisalsocontributingtothecollapseinthebirt

10、hrate.(5)_Andthereareother,lessobviousissues.Marriagesocialisesmen:itisassociatedwithlowerlevelsoftestosteroneandlesscriminalbehaviour.Lessmarriagemightmeanmorecrime.CanmarriageberevivedinAsia?Maybe,ifexpectationsofthoserolesofbothsexeschange;butshiftingtraditionalattitudesishard.Governmentscannotle

11、gislateawaypopularprejudices.Theycan,though,encouragechange.Relaxingdivorcelawsmight,paradoxically,boostmarriage.Womenwhonowsteerclearofwedlockmightbemorewillingtotietheknotiftheyknowitcanbeuntiednotjustbecausetheycangetoutofthemarriageifitdoesn’twork,butalsobecausetheirfreedomtoleavemightkeep

12、theirhusbandsontheirtoes.Familylawshouldgivedivorcedwomenamoregenerousshareofthecouple’sassets.AFertilityinEastAsiahasfallenfrom5.3childrenperwomaninthelate1960sto1.6now.Incountrieswiththelowestmarriagerates,thefertilityrateisnearer1.0.Thatisbeginningtocausehugedemographicproblems,aspopulation

13、sagewithstartlingspeed.BAsiangovernmentshavelongtakentheviewthatthesuperiorityoftheirfamilylifewasoneoftheirbigadvantagesovertheWest.Thatconfidenceisnolongerwarranted.Theyneedtowakeuptothehugesocialchangeshappeningintheircountriesandthinkabouthowtocopewiththeconsequences.CPeopletherenowmarryevenlate

14、rthantheydointheWest.ThemeanageofmarriageintherichestplacesJapan,Taiwan,SouthKoreaandHongKonghasrisensharplyinthepastfewdecades,toreach29-30forwomenand31-33formen.DFamilylawshouldgivedivorcedwomenamoregenerousshareofthecouple’sassets.Governmentsshouldalsolegislatetogetemployerstoofferbothmater

15、nalandpaternalleave,andprovideorsubsidisechildcare.Iftakingonsuchexpenseshelpedpromotefamilylife,itmightreducetheburdenonthestateoflookingaftertheold.EOverone-fifthofTaiwanesewomenintheirlate30saresingle;mostwillnevermarry.Insomeplaces,ratesofnon-marriageareespeciallystriking:inBangkok,20%of40-44-ye

16、aroldwomenarenotmarried;inTokyo,21%;amonguniversitygraduatesofthatageinSingapore,27%.FInthewordsofLeeKuanYew,formerprimeministerofSingaporeandakeenadvocateofAsianvalues,theChinesefamilyencouragedscholarshipandhardworkandthriftanddefermentofpresentenjoymentforfuturegain.GJapanesewomen,whotypicallywor

17、k40hoursaweekintheoffice,thendo,onaverage,another30hoursofhousework.Theirhusbands,onaverage,dothreehours.AndAsianwomenwhogiveupworktolookafterchildrenfindithardtoreturnwhentheoffspringaregrown.1.2.3.4.5.6Passage8IntheEnglish-speakingworld,peopleescapefromfryingpansintofires.InThailand,theproverbisco

18、ucheddifferently:peoplearesaidtoescapefromtigersonlytobeeatenbycrocodiles.(6)_Withthatinmind,theBankofThailandraisedinterestratesonAugust24thfortheninthtimesincemid-2010.Butitwasasplitdecision.TheeconomicwoesofAmericaandEuropehavedarkenedAsia’smood.Somecanagainhearthetiger’sgrowl.Afterla

19、styear’sswiftrecoveryfromrecession,policymakersindevelopingAsiancountriescongratulatedthemselvesontheresilienceoftheireconomies.(7)_InApril2009theThaicentralbankcutratesto1.25%lowerthaninmostAsianeconomiesalongsideafiscalpushworth3%ofGDP.Emergingeconomieswerehitharderthanoptimistsexpected,butr

20、espondedbetterthanpessimistsfeared.Thatresiliencemaybetestedagainsoonerthananyonewouldhaveliked.Inannouncingitslatestratedecision,theBankofThailandnotedthedangersposedtotheeconomybyaslowdowninAmericaandEurope.(8)_ButthebankfoundconsolationinThailand’sgrowingsalestoitsneighboursandtonewmarketsf

21、artherafield.LastyearChinaovertookAmericatobecomethecountry’sleadingcustomer.ThattrendisnotuniquetoThailand.MostofitsneighboursnowsellasmallershareoftheirexportstoAmericaandEuropethantheydidbeforethecrisis(seechart).Theprecisepercentagesmaybemisleading.Theseexportsincludepartsandcomponentsthat

22、mayendupintheWest,afterfirstbeingassembledintofinalproductsinanothercountry.Butthereisnodenyingthetrend.Theregion’seconomiesarenot,then,asvulnerabletothetiger’sclawsastheywerein2008.Thecrocodile,ontheotherhand,isuncomfortablyclose.Thailand’sheadlineconsumer-priceinflation(4.1%inthe

23、yeartoJuly)wastoohighforthecentralbank’scomfort,butlowerthaninmanyofitsneighbours,suchasChina(6.5%),India,wherewholesalepricesroseby9.2%,orVietnam,whereconsumerpricesrosebyanalarming23%intheyeartoAugust.Asia’scampaignagainstinflationhasdraggedonlongerthanitscentralbankershoped.Higherfood

24、andcommoditypriceswereexpectedtodropoutoftheinflationfigureseventually,butinsteadseemtohaveleachedintootherconsumerprices.(9)_ThebigexceptionsareTaiwan,wherethediscountrateislessthan1.9%,andSingapore,whichcarriesoutmonetarypolicybysettingapathfortheexchangerate,nottheinterestrate.WithratesinAmericaa

25、trockbottom,andtheSingaporedollarsettostrengthenagainstitsAmericancounterpart,interestratesinSingaporeareextraordinarilylow.ReducingrateswouldhelpAsia’seconomieswithstandamodestslowdownintheWest.GoldmanSachs,forexample,hascutits2011rateforecastforIndonesia,Malaysia,PhilippinesandTaiwan,buthasb

26、arelytrimmeditsgrowthforecastsforthesecountries.(10)_Afiscalresponsewoulddomoretobuoydemandintherestoftheworld,asitdidfrom2007to2009,whenbudgetbalancesdeterioratedmarkedlythroughouttheregion.Withluck,anotherstimuluspackagewillnotbenecessary.AmodestslowdownintheWestmighteventakethepressureoffpricesin

27、Asia,withoutdoingundueharmtotheregion’sgrowthacaseperhapsofthetigereatingthecrocodile.AThailandremainshighlyexposedtoglobaltrade:exports,includingairconditioners,videocamerasandfridges,aswellastourism,accountedforover70%ofitsGDPin2010.BButratecutswouldalsoweakentheregion’sexchangerates,s

28、harpeningtheircompetitivenessanddoinglittletohelpeconomiesoutsideAsia.CTheirdocilebankingsystems,highsavingratesandhoardsofforeignexchangeshieldedthemfromtheworstofthefinancialchaos.Theireffortstotightenfiscalandmonetarypolicybeforethecrisisstruckgavethemroomtoloosenupinresponse,asexportscollapsedan

29、dconfidenceevaporated.DTheThaieconomy,likemanyinAsia,sprangfreefromthegreatrecessionsurprisinglyquickly.Thisyearthebiggerthreathasbeenthewideningjawsofinflation.EAmericawillovercomeitscurrenteconomicwoesandEuropewillmuddlethrough.FOneconsequenceofthisprolongedfightisthatnominalinterestrateshavebeenr

30、aisedoffthefloor.Indonesia’spolicyrateisnow6.75%;India’sis8%.Thatgivescentralbankerssomeroomtocutiftheworldeconomysags.GThailand’snewprimeminister,YingluckShinawatra,iscontemplatinganotherbudgetarysplurge.Butpolicymakerselsewherewillbereluctanttospilltheredinkagain.6.7.8.9.10.第10页 共10页第 10 页 共 10 页第 10 页 共 10 页第 10 页 共 10 页第 10 页 共 10 页第 10 页 共 10 页第 10 页 共 10 页第 10 页 共 10 页第 10 页 共 10 页第 10 页 共 10 页第 10 页 共 10 页