写作技巧.ppt

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1、写作的写作的“七项基本原则七项基本原则”：一、一、 长短句原则长短句原则老让读者读长句，累死人！写一个短小精辟的句子，相老让读者读长句，累死人！写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题： As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the in

2、tellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.强烈建议：强烈建议： 1.在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短；在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短； 2.在文章主体部分，先用一个短句解释主要意思，然在文章主体部分，先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！会让主体部分妙笔生辉！ 3.文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。二、主题句原则二、主题句原则 议论性的文章一定要写一个主题句，放在文章议论性的文章一定要写一

3、个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然！的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然！ To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主（主题句）题句）. Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.三、三、 一一 二二 三原则三原则 考官们看文章必然要通过关键性的考官们看文章必然要通过关键性的“标签标签”来判来

4、判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。楚了。1）first, second, third, last （不推荐）（不推荐）2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally （不推荐）（不推荐）3）the first, the second, the third, the last （不推荐）（不推荐）4）in the first place, in the second place, in the thi

5、rd place, lastly （不推荐）（不推荐）5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（推荐）6）to start with, next, finally （推荐）7）first and foremost（首要）（首要）, besides, in addition, last but not least （强烈推荐）8）most important of all, moreover, finally （强烈推荐） 9）on the one hand, on the other hand （适用于两点的情况）10）for one thing,

6、 for another thing （适用于两点的情况）四、四、 短语优先原则短语优先原则考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点。其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点。其二、凑字数。其二、凑字数。比如：比如：I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达可以用短语表达： I cannot put up with it. I want it.可以用短语表达可以用短语表达： I am looking forward to it.这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。五、五、 多实少虚原则多实少虚原则 多用实词，少用虚词

7、。我这里所说的虚词就是指那多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说某人些比较大的词。比如我们说某人“很好很好”的时候，不应的时候，不应该之说该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted之类的形象词。再比如：之类的形象词。再比如： 走出房间，虚的词是：走出房间，虚的词是：walk out of the room 但是小偷走出房间应该说：但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room小孩走出房间应该说：小

8、孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room老人走出房间应该说：老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room六、六、 多变句式原则多变句式原则1）加法（串联）加法（串联）都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子有先后关系或者但最好是前后的句子有先后关系或者并列关系。并列关系。 比如说：比如说：I enjoy music and he is fond of

9、playing guitar.如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个高级句式：Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.其它的短语可以用：besides, furthermore, likewise（同样地）（同样地）, moreover2）转折（拐弯抹角）转折（拐弯抹角）批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点。所以呢，说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个

10、转折就够了。注意二者之间用个转折就够了。The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin, but it was warm. 更多的短语：despite that, however, nevertheless（然而）（然而）, in spite of, despite, 3）因果）因果讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以后什么，所以“然后然后”这个词就变得很常见了。这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系！其实这个词表示的

11、是先后或因果关系！The snow began to fall, so we went home.更多短语：更多短语：then, therefore, consequently（因此）（因此）, accordingly （因此）（因此）, hence （因此）（因此）, as a result, for this reason, so that4）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重）文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形

12、。句，宾语从句的变形。 举例： This is what I can do.Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.5）附加）附加 运用定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。运用定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.I dont enjoy that book you are reading.Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.其实很简单，同位语从句：要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的其实很简

13、单，同位语从句：要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成；定语从句：借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子构成；定语从句：借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中。插入其中。七、七、 挑战极限原则挑战极限原则在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语也很简单，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如：一致，而独立主格则不然。比如： The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb th

14、e Western Hills. Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China. 绝对绝对高分！高分！文章主体段落三大杀手锏：文章主体段落三大杀手锏：一、举实例一、举实例举实例是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式，任何情况下，举实例是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式，任何情况下，只要我们无法继续文章，不管三七二十一，举例子！只要我们无法继续文章，不管三七二十一，举例子！ In order to attract more customers, advertisers have ado

15、pted every possible simulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colors, cartoon films and human performance. For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour（吞）（吞） the seemingly delicious food while they film him or her.更多句型：

16、更多句型：To take as an example, One example is, Another example is, for example二、做比较二、做比较方法：写完一个要点，比较与之相似的；又写完一个要点，再方法：写完一个要点，比较与之相似的；又写完一个要点，再比较与之相反的；比较与之相反的；世界上没有同样的指纹，没有相同的树叶，文章亦同，只有通世界上没有同样的指纹，没有相同的树叶，文章亦同，只有通过比较，你才会发现二者的相同点（过比较，你才会发现二者的相同点（through comparison）和不同点（）和不同点（through contrast）。下面是）。下面是一些短

17、语：一些短语：相似的比较：in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner相反的比较：on the other hand, conversely（相反）（相反）, whereas （反之）（反之）, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast （相反）（相反）, on the contrary （相反）（相反）, compared with , 三、换言之三、换言之没话说了，可以换一句话再说，让读者更充分的没话说了，可以换一句话再说，让读者更充分的理解你的观点。实际就是重复重复再重复！理解你的观

18、点。实际就是重复重复再重复！ I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.因此可以这样说：I cannot bear it. That is to say, I cannot put up with it （or I am fed up with it）.更多短语：in simpler words, put it more simply 开头方法一：名人名言开头方法一：名人名言经典句型：A proverb says, “ You are only young once.” （适用于已记住的名言）（适用于已记住的名言）It goes with

19、out saying that we cannot be young forever. （适用于自编适用于自编名言）名言） 更多经典句型： As everyone knows, No one can deny that开头方法二：数字统计开头方法二：数字统计 要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。所以不妨试用下面的句型：所以不妨试用下面的句型：According to a recent survey, about 70 of the college students wanted to further their study after their

20、 graduation. A recent statistics shows that 作文题：作文题：Honesty根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中由当中50都是假的。都是假的。 作文题：作文题： Youth根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的余时间的70都是在休闲娱乐。都是在休闲娱乐。结尾方法一：结论结尾方法一：结论说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，开头很好，也必然说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，要有一个精彩的结尾

21、，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子：你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子：Obviously（此为过渡短语）（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.更多过渡短语：更多过渡短语：in conclusion, in brief, thus， it can be concluded that, Therefore, we can find that ，to sum up, 结尾方法二：建议结尾方法二：建议Obviously,

22、 it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.经典的虚拟语气的句型！经典的虚拟语气的句型！ 更多句型：更多句型：Accordingly（因此）（因此）, I recommend that some measures be taken. Consequently （因此）（因此）, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.排比（排山倒海句）排比（排山倒海句）引用一个个的排比句，一个个的对偶句，一个个的不定引用一个个的排比句，一个个的对偶句，一个个的不

23、定式，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势式，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势！Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in Nanjing for you.Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides. We have got to study hard, t

24、o enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. 气势恢宏！气势恢宏！ 范文范文1（关于主题句）（关于主题句） Report on the Survey about our School Uniform Recently I did a survey about our school uniform. I interviewed groups of students what they thought about our school uniform. The result

25、is as following. 60% of the students interviewed expressed their satisfaction with it. Wearing the fashionable uniform of a good colour, they can prove themselves students and feel very tidy. The uniform also shows they are equal and there is no need for themselves to follow the fashion. Most of the

26、m considered it to be a symbol for students. On the contrary, about 30% of the students held different opinions. They thought it had an ugly colour and wore uncomfortably. Besides, they thought it unfashionable and had a dull style. 10% had no idea about it. In general, our school uniform is popular

27、 with most of the students, but it still needs some improvement. Report on the survey about our school uniform Recently, a student made a survey about our school uniform. 60% of them students like the school uniform. They though the school uniforms whose color is good made them look tidy and handsom

28、e, and it also tells others that they were students. Besides, wearing it means not following fashion, because everyone is equal. However, 30% of the students are the other way around. In their opinion, it is uncomfortable. What they dont like is that they old-style and the unpleasant color. 10% of t

29、he students have no idea about it. All above is about the survey. Everyone has different idea. It is hard to say who is right. Now more and more children in the countryside are out of school. One of the reasons is that their parents havent much money to afford their school. They have to stay at home

30、 to earn money to support their families. What a pity! And another reason is that many parents think it is useless for girls to study and they would not like them to go to school. On the other hand, some children are not interested in their lessons and would not like to go to school. I think all the

31、 children, including girls, should have the right to receive education. We have the duty to lend them a hand when they are in trouble. All the people should pay attention to the education of children who will play a very important part in the future of our country. With the development of the Intene

32、t（with结结构）构）, the net bar plays an important role in peoples life. More and more people, especially students, like to go to net bars. They are absorbed in playing video games, making bad friends and having a chat with “Meimei” on the net in the bar. Some students often go on playing late into the ni

33、ght in the net bar （举例）（举例）. As a result（表结果）（表结果）, not only does it do harm to their health but also produces a bad effect on their studies.（亮点）（亮点） Now a lot of net bars have been shut down in Beijing. But some students go by bus to the net bars at suburbs to play. Fortunately, more and more paren

34、ts and schools have realized it. Recently, more than six thousand students ensured that they would be far away from net bars in Jinzhou city, Liaoning Province. It is quite necessary for the students to get rid of the bad habit. Which is more important, health or wealth? （短（短问句开头）问句开头） It is a hot t

35、opic among people. I can hardly answer this question. I didnt realize that health is more imporant until I saw a businessmans real life. A successful businessman, one of my fathers friends, devoted himself to his business. He works from morning to night every day. There is no weekends in his mind. H

36、e often says, “I must earn much money so that I can get what I want. ”Lately, he is ill. Though he has a lot of money, he can do nothing but lie in the hospitals bed.（举例）（举例） So I think health is more important than wealth. People can do nothing if they are always in poor health, let alone happiness

37、. No matter we are rich or not, we can not ignore the importance of health.英语句子概论 简单句简单句 并列句并列句 复合句复合句简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。作用中的一种。 作一种陈述作一种陈述 提出一个问题提出一个问题 发出一种命令或请求发出一种命令或请求 表示一种感叹表示一种感叹Examples:The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the

38、boy.The girl read the books. / The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this is!简单句的扩展成份简单句的扩展成份简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。进行扩展。I bought a rai

39、n coat with a warm lining.The dog jumped through the window.He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock.He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday.The young girl with long black hair seems to b

40、e very happy.并列句并列句需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词并列连词连接连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。用分号：用分号：We fished all day; we didnt catch a thing.用分号，后跟一个连接副词：用分号，后跟一个连接副词：We fished all day; however, we didnt catch a thing.用并列连词（如用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等等）We fished all day, but

41、(we) didnt catch a thing.由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词从属连词引引导（从句），

42、用以修饰另一句子（主句）。导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。 复合句复合句 = 主句主句 + 从句从句复合句复合句复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：句： 1. 主语从句主语从句 2. 宾语从句宾语从句3. 表语从句表语从句 4. 定语从句定语从句5. 状语从句状语从句 6. 同位语从句同位语从句 英文写作中最常使用的从句英文

43、写作中最常使用的从句1. 宾语从句宾语从句2. 状语从句状语从句 3. 定语从句定语从句复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句He told me the news.that the match had been cancelled.宾语宾语how much he was prepared to pay for my car.that I could have the money without delay.how much he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave

44、the money without delay. when he was leaving for Paris.that his fatherwas working in that school.宾语从句宾语从句复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句I dont know him.He has finished his work that he has finished his work.whether he has finished his work.宾语从句宾语从句He is leaving for Washington.that

45、 he is leaving for Washington.when he is leaving for Washington.why he is leaving for Washington.how he is leaving for Washington.whether he is leaving for Washington.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句the people surprised That What he saidwhat he did主语主语That he didnt know the answeri

46、n the room.定语定语who were sitting in the room.who were present.whose sons were at war.who had signed the contract.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句That is the fact.表表 语语what he needs.what he gave me.why he was late.because he was ill.what has happened.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 +

47、 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句He worked in that factorythree years ago.地点状语地点状语时间状语时间状语where his father workedin that factorywhere I livedwhen he lived thereHis father worked there.I lived there.He lived there three years ago.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句Put the book on the desk.where you to

48、ok it.where it was.地点状语地点状语where you found it.You cant camp here.where there are a lot of trees.wherever you like.指出下列各从句的类型指出下列各从句的类型vI believe that everything is going on well.vShe was reading a novel when I came in.vShe is the girl who sings best in my class.宾语从句宾语从句状语从句状语从句定语从定语从句句PracticePracti

49、cePractice用所给连词连接句子。用所给连词连接句子。He has found out. She was late. (why)He has found out why she was late.I still remember the day. I first went to York on that day. (when)I still remember the day when I first went to York.将各组句子连接为一个含有将各组句子连接为一个含有状语从句状语从句的复合句。的复合句。PracticePracticePracticeHe didnt come ye

50、sterday. He was ill. (原因原因)He didnt come yesterday because he was ill.Ill give the letter to him. I see him. （时间时间）It is such a big box. Nobody can move it. （结果结果）Well go to the great wall. Its fine tomorrow. (条件条件) We should not go there all the time. The place is quite pleasant.(让步）让步）It is such a