语法基本概念梳理.ppt

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1、 英语基本概念英语基本概念 梳理梳理 词法学习词法学习 1。动词。动词 （1）行为动词）行为动词 I stayed at home and did some work. 我呆在家里做些事。我呆在家里做些事。 Ive just had a coffee, thanks. 谢谢，我刚刚用过咖啡。谢谢，我刚刚用过咖啡。 It has not yet been announced who will judge the case. 谁来判这个案子还没有宣布。谁来判这个案子还没有宣布。 I dont know how to dress right. 我不知道怎样穿着得体。我不知道怎样穿着得体。 Dont

2、expect money to buy you happiness. 别指望拿金钱去买快乐。别指望拿金钱去买快乐。 He was killed doing his duty. 他以身殉职。他以身殉职。 Organizations hopehope to improve the publics environmental awareness. Cancer strikesstrikes in every country in the world.癌症袭击全球各国。癌症袭击全球各国。.组织者希望提高公众的环境意识。组织者希望提高公众的环境意识。（2） 持续动词持续动词 Shakespeare li

3、vedlived from 1564 to 1616. We watchedwatched the train until it disappeared in the distance. 莎士比亚生于莎士比亚生于15641564年，死于年，死于16161616年。年。 我们注视着火车直到它在远处消失。我们注视着火车直到它在远处消失。 She worewore a new dress for the ceremony.她为参加庆典穿了一身新装。她为参加庆典穿了一身新装。 I hope it doesnt rainrain tomorrow. 我希望明天不要下雨。我希望明天不要下雨。 He cam

4、e round earlier but he only stayedstayed for a few minutes.他来得比较早可是只呆了几分钟。他来得比较早可是只呆了几分钟。 I readread about it in this mornings newspaper.我是在今天的早报上读到这个消息的。我是在今天的早报上读到这个消息的。（3 3） 及物动词及物动词 She spreadspread a cloth over the table. 她铺了一张桌布。她铺了一张桌布。 I let let him have my watch for his camera. 我让他的相机和我的手表交

5、换了一下。我让他的相机和我的手表交换了一下。 It puzzled me why she It puzzled me why she agreed to come when she is agreed to come when she is so busy.so busy.我奇怪她既然那么忙为什么同意来。我奇怪她既然那么忙为什么同意来。 If you know the answer raiseraise your hand. 如果知道答案就举手。如果知道答案就举手。 The doctor told told me to get more sleep. 医生告诉我要多睡眠。医生告诉我要多睡眠。（

6、4 4） 不及物动词不及物动词 WaitWait outside the door until you are asked to get in. 在外面等着，叫你进来，你再进来。在外面等着，叫你进来，你再进来。 It pouredpoured with rain throughout the night.整夜大雨瓢泼。整夜大雨瓢泼。 The sun rises when it The sun rises when it appears above the horizon.appears above the horizon. 太阳从地平线上升起。太阳从地平线上升起。 Bombs were fal

7、ling on the Bombs were falling on the city all night.city all night. 整夜向这座城市投弹。整夜向这座城市投弹。 You cant expect the money to appearappear from nowhere.不能要来路不明的钱。不能要来路不明的钱。 I could see people I could see people moving to and for in the moving to and for in the square.square.我看到人们在广场上来来往往。我看到人们在广场上来来往往。 Wer

8、e hoping hoping for good weather, of course. 我们当然希望好天气。我们当然希望好天气。 She often wishedwished for a quieter life. 她总是希望过上安静一点的生活。她总是希望过上安静一点的生活。（5 5） 及物与不及物动词及物与不及物动词 The children greatly desiredesire to come to Beijing. 孩子们最大的愿望是来北京。孩子们最大的愿望是来北京。 He promisedpromised (me) not to interfere. 他答应不予干扰。他答应不予干

9、扰。 WriteWrite me when time permits. 时间允许的话写封信来。时间允许的话写封信来。（6） 反身动词反身动词 They dressed themselvesdressed themselves like the villagers. 他们打扮成村民。他们打扮成村民。 The little girl hid herselfhid herself in the big box. 小姑娘把自己藏在大箱子里。小姑娘把自己藏在大箱子里。 You may help yourselfhelp yourself to the books on the shelf. 书在架子上，

10、你自己拿。书在架子上，你自己拿。（7 7） 系动词系动词 He went went a child but returnedreturned an old man. 他走时还是孩童，归时已是老人。他走时还是孩童，归时已是老人。 What you said soundssounds all right. 你说的听上去还不错。你说的听上去还不错。 The problem seemsseems quite simple. 这个问题似乎挺简单。这个问题似乎挺简单。 The plan provedproved practicable. 这个计划证明可行。这个计划证明可行。 Dont marrymarry

11、 too young. 结婚不要太早。结婚不要太早。 Mr Wang Luobins story has long remained remained a mystery.王洛宾的故事很久以来是个谜。王洛宾的故事很久以来是个谜。（8 8） 表感觉知觉动词表感觉知觉动词 I could smellsmell he had been smoking. 我能闻出他抽烟。我能闻出他抽烟。 My leg ached after long trip. My leg ached after long trip. 走长路后我的腿疼。走长路后我的腿疼。 Im sorry; I hope I didnt hurt

12、 hurt you.? 对不起，我没有伤害你吧？对不起，我没有伤害你吧？（9 9） 表心理动词表心理动词 It is understood that you will come. 相信你会来的。相信你会来的。 I can imagine the scene clearly in my mind. 我可以清楚地想象出这一景象。我可以清楚地想象出这一景象。 I dont think he is right. 我认为他不对。我认为他不对。 You cant believebelieve how badly he drives. 你无法相信他开车技术有多糟。你无法相信他开车技术有多糟。 I suppo

13、se we ought to wait till she arrives.我想我们应该等她来。我想我们应该等她来。（1010） 表关系动词表关系动词 She ownsowns a car but rarely drives it. 她有一辆轿车但很少开。 Has this project been costcost ? 这项工程估价了吗？ Who does the house belong tobelong to ? 这房子属于谁？ He couldnt prove that the crime is related tois related to her. She often referre

14、d to referred to you in the letters. 她常在信中提起你。他不能证明罪行与她有关。（1111） 表情感动词表情感动词 Wed lovelove you to come to dinner. 我们很愿意你来吃饭。 He cared for cared for her deeply. 他深深地爱着她。 I detestdetest him complaining. 我极讨厌他发牢骚。 I dislikedislike his doing it. 我不喜欢他做这事。 My husband hates hates going shopping. 我丈夫讨厌逛商场。我丈

15、夫讨厌逛商场。 She is a sweet women, who asked for nothing but to love and cherishcherish her husband. 她是一个温柔的女人，除了疼爱丈她是一个温柔的女人，除了疼爱丈夫别无所求。夫别无所求。（1212） 短语动词短语动词 I came across came across an interesting article in a magazine.我在一本杂志上偶尔看到一篇有趣的文章。我在一本杂志上偶尔看到一篇有趣的文章。 Well look into look into the matter thorough

16、ly.我们要彻底调查这件事。我们要彻底调查这件事。 The prize is 500 dollars, which works outworks out to about 4,000yuan. 奖品是奖品是500500美元，折合人民币约美元，折合人民币约为为40004000元。元。 My rent was paid forpaid for six months in advance.我预付出了六个月的房租。我预付出了六个月的房租。 The tricks werewere meant tomeant to be seen only once. 这种把戏只能玩一次。这种把戏只能玩一次。 There

17、 are only four to choose fromchoose from. . 只有四种选择。只有四种选择。 He finally caught a sight caught a sight ofof the village. 他终于看到了村庄他终于看到了村庄 We are takingtaking proper advantageadvantage ofof our opportunity. 我们在适当地利用机会。我们在适当地利用机会。 Ill be absent fromabsent from work tomorrow. 我明天不上班。我明天不上班。 I kept up with

18、kept up with many of my old classmates. 我和老同学保持着联系。我和老同学保持着联系。2 2 动词时态动词时态 Traffic accidents usually happen when people are not careful enough.人们不够注意往往造成交通事故。人们不够注意往往造成交通事故。 He disappeared from our lives 43 years ago. 他他43 43 年前就不知去向。年前就不知去向。 Dont eat so many sweets, or your teeth will get worse.不要吃

19、很多甜食，那样牙齿会坏。不要吃很多甜食，那样牙齿会坏。 She said she would buy a better house for her parents她说她要给父母买一套好点的住房。她说她要给父母买一套好点的住房。 Ive come only for a few moments. 我已到了一会儿。我已到了一会儿。 They will have received my email now. 他们此时会收到我的他们此时会收到我的emailemail。 It was raining heavily then. 那时正下着大雨。那时正下着大雨。 It was raining heavily

20、 then.那时正下着大雨。那时正下着大雨。 I wonder what you are doing now.我想知道你在干什么。我想知道你在干什么。 Children will be taking their holidays soon. 孩子们很快要放假。孩子们很快要放假。 Kate told me that her husband would be coming next day. 卡特对我说她丈夫第二天要来。卡特对我说她丈夫第二天要来。11.What have you been doing all this time ? 你一直在干什么？你一直在干什么？12.Tom died last

21、 night, he had been a good friend of mine.别着急，别着急， 他会很快把所有这一切忘记的。他会很快把所有这一切忘记的。13.Dont worry, he will have forgotten all about it soon.别着急，别着急， 他会很快把所有这一切忘他会很快把所有这一切忘记的。记的。14.He told us that the party would have arrived by two oclock.他告诉我这一行人两点钟以前到达。他告诉我这一行人两点钟以前到达。15. I shall have been working in t

22、he company for 4 years by the end of this year.到今年底我在本公司已经工作四年。到今年底我在本公司已经工作四年。16. I suppose that the play would have been running by then.我想那部话剧到时会上演。我想那部话剧到时会上演。3 3动词语态动词语态 Smoking is forbidden here. 这里禁止吸烟。 Drivers were warned not to break the rules. 警告司机不要违规。警告司机不要违规。 We hope that an agreement w

23、ill be arrived at. 我们希望能达成协议。我们希望能达成协议。 The experiment has been planned since 1994. 自自19941994年就计划了这个实验。年就计划了这个实验。 She looked at the books that had been placed on the shelf. 她看了看已经放在架子上的书。她看了看已经放在架子上的书。 He said the book would have been published by the end of this month.他说这本书将在年底出版。他说这本书将在年底出版。 When

24、 we called, the tea was being served. 我们到的时候，正值上茶之际。我们到的时候，正值上茶之际。 The sick girl is being taken good care of. 这个病女孩在受到很好地看护。这个病女孩在受到很好地看护。 Waste things mustnt be thrown away everywhere. 废物不能到处乱扔。废物不能到处乱扔。 It could be seen that he was excited. 看得出来他很激动。看得出来他很激动。4 4助动词助动词 Do not touch the exhibits. 不要

25、触动展览品。不要触动展览品。 Have you got the tickets for train? 你拿到火车票了吗？你拿到火车票了吗？ Each citizen shall carry his identification card when traveling.每个公民出行都要带身份证。每个公民出行都要带身份证。 How can I get to the zoo ? 怎样去动物园怎样去动物园 ？ Beijingers will show you the way to the station. 北京人会指给你去车站的路。北京人会指给你去车站的路。 Would you tell me you

26、r new address ? 告诉我你的地址好吗？告诉我你的地址好吗？5 5情态动词情态动词 Beijing can be very hot in July. 七月的北京很热。七月的北京很热。 You may phone the office . 你可以给办公室打电话。你可以给办公室打电话。You might tell me the truth. 你要跟我说实话。你要跟我说实话。 Passengers must not walk across the construction. 乘客不可跨越工地。乘客不可跨越工地。 Oil will float on water. 油会浮在水面上。油会浮在水

27、面上。 He would go in spite of my warning. 他不听我的警告还是要去。他不听我的警告还是要去。 If you work well, you shall have high wage. 假如你干得好，你就会拿高工资。 Dare he tell me what he knows ? 他敢于告诉我他知道的事情吗？ It needs no explanation. 不必解释。 Youd better be on time. 你最好准时。11. We students ought to obey the rules. 我们学生应该遵守规定。12. My husband

28、used to drink beer. 我丈夫从前常常喝啤酒。6 6虚拟语气虚拟语气If I were you , I would go there. 如果我是你， 我就到那去。 If only I had taken your advice. 要是我当初听从你的劝导就好了。 But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier. 如果不是暴风雨，我们本该早点到达。 I wish I had been more careful next time. 愿下一但次我会仔细些。 Its necessary that John take the exam

29、first. 约翰有必要先参加考试 Its a pity that she miss the chance. 很遗憾她错过了这次机会。 Anyone in his position would have done the same. 任何在他的位置上的人都同样会做的。 The guard insisted that everyone show their passports.卫士坚持每人出示自己的护照。7 7非谓语动词非谓语动词不定式不定式 I feel it my duty to help others. 帮助他人是我的职责。帮助他人是我的职责。 He found the door lock

30、ed. 他发现门锁住了。他发现门锁住了。 To escape the pull of the earth, a rocket must reach a speed of 28440 km/h. 火箭需达到每小时火箭需达到每小时2844028440公里的速度公里的速度才可脱离地球引力。才可脱离地球引力。 Where to go hasnt been decided. 到哪里去还没有定下来。到哪里去还没有定下来。 Lets get a piece of music to listen to. 我们来听一首曲子吧。 Come have a glass. 来喝一杯吧。 Dont come till I

31、 tell you to. 我不通知你，你不要来。 Why not do it again ? 为什么不再做一遍呢？为什么不再做一遍呢？ To be brief, the matter stands thus. 简而言之，简而言之， 事情就是这样。事情就是这样。 I remember to lock the door. 记得要锁门啊。记得要锁门啊。动名词动名词 Saying is easier than doing. 说比做要来得容易些。说比做要来得容易些。 Stop littering when walking in the street. 在街上走路不要扔纸屑。在街上走路不要扔纸屑。 Af

32、ter hearing the good news, all people were cheerful. 听到这个好消息，人们欢呼雀跃。听到这个好消息，人们欢呼雀跃。 Never give up trying again. 决不要放弃再试一次。 Ive enjoyed talking to you about it. 我很高兴和你谈论这个事情。 My mother is not in favor of my selling the piano. 母亲不赞成我卖钢琴。 现在分词现在分词 My fathers story is very interesting. 我父亲的经历很有意思。 Mr Ch

33、ang is an honest and understanding man. 张先生是一位既老实又出色的人。 He is a college student, studying China law. 他是一个学习中国法律的大学生。 Her blood pressure climbed sharply, reaching 190/100. 她的血压陡然升高达190/100。 When using the machine, you must read the instuction first. 使用机器前先要看说明书。 Being surrounded, he was not able to g

34、et out of the crowd. 他因为被包围无法脱出人群。The boiling water is too hot to drink. 滚开的水太烫没法喝。过去分词过去分词 She is an adopted child.她是一个被收养的儿童。 Dont get very exhausted when you do exercises. 操练时不要太劳累。The question mentioned again is very important. 重又提出的问题很重要。 Time spent in a bookshop can be most enjoyable. 在书店度过时光最

35、有乐趣。 He came in unnoticed. 从这个角度看，事情就没那么严重了。没有人注意到他进来。Seen in this light, the matter is not so serious. I dont like to see you disappointed. 我不喜欢看到你沮丧的样子。 This done, he left the office. 做完后，他离开了办公室。 One gets used to all things. 人总是随遇而安。Youd better drink the boiled water. 你最好饮用凉白开水。8 名词名词 Youll find

36、this map of great value in helping you to get round London.你会觉得这张地图助你游览伦敦大有用途。你会觉得这张地图助你游览伦敦大有用途。Ill look into the matter as soon as possible. Just have a littlepatience.我要尽快调查此事。只是要有耐心。我要尽快调查此事。只是要有耐心。 He gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers.他出版著名作家的作品发了财。 The coffee cup was broken

37、. 这个咖啡杯子打碎了。9 数词数词 She became a famous scientist in her thirties. 她三十多岁就成为一个著名科学家。她三十多岁就成为一个著名科学家。 Shortly after the accident, two dozens of police were sent to the spot to keep order. 事故发生不久，有二十四名警察被派往事故发生不久，有二十四名警察被派往现场维持秩序。现场维持秩序。 The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月亮的49倍大。 He wrote a

38、 two-thousand-word article the other day.前几天他写了一篇两千字的文章。10代词代词 Everyone said they would help. 大家都说要帮忙。 -Can you come on Sunday or Saturday ? -Im afraid neither day is possible.你是周日还是周六来呢? 恐怕哪一天也来不了。 Dr.Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge, I cant remember which.布莱克先生不是来自牛津大学就是来布莱克先生不是来自牛津大学就是

39、来自剑桥大学，自剑桥大学， 我记不得是哪一所大我记不得是哪一所大学了。学了。 I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have one.我希望有足够的眼镜为每一个客人准我希望有足够的眼镜为每一个客人准备一副。备一副。11冠词冠词 Many people are still in the habit of writing silly things in public places.许多人仍旧习惯在公共场合乱写乱许多人仍旧习惯在公共场合乱写乱画。画。 Wouldnt it be a wonderful world if all natio

40、ns lived in peace with one another?假如各国彼此和平相处，那不是很假如各国彼此和平相处，那不是很美好的世界吗美好的世界吗 ？12介词、介词短语介词、介词短语 The train leaves at 6:00pm.So I have to be at the station by 5:40.at the latest. 火车下午六点开车。火车下午六点开车。 所以我必须最所以我必须最晚晚5 5点点4040分之前赶到车站。分之前赶到车站。 If you keep on, youll succeed in time. 如果你坚持下去，迟早会成功的。如果你坚持下去，迟早

41、会成功的。 We congratulate him on having a new job. 我们祝贺他找到了新工作。我们祝贺他找到了新工作。 The diameter of a circle passes through the centre. 圆的直径通过圆心圆的直径通过圆心。 On account of the weather, we had to cancel the projected outing. 由于天气的原因我们只好取消了计划由于天气的原因我们只好取消了计划好的郊游活动。好的郊游活动。 On his doctors advice, he took a month holida

42、y.他听从医生的劝告休假一个月。他听从医生的劝告休假一个月。 They robbed him of every penny he had. 他被偷得分文全无。他被偷得分文全无。 He spoke to us of his experience in the air-raid on London.他给我们讲述了在伦敦空袭的经过。他给我们讲述了在伦敦空袭的经过。13连词连词 Neither books nor pens nor a piece of paper was found on his desk. 他的桌上没有书，没有笔，就连一张纸他的桌上没有书，没有笔，就连一张纸片都没有。片都没有。 W

43、ould you like a cup of tea first or shall we get down to business right now ?我们是先喝杯茶呢还是现在就着手谈生意？我们是先喝杯茶呢还是现在就着手谈生意？ Smoking adds to the general level of air pollution as well as damage our health.吸烟增加空气污染的总体指标同时有害健康吸烟增加空气污染的总体指标同时有害健康。 In case of emergency, telephone this number. 如果紧急，请拨打这个电话号码。如果紧急

44、，请拨打这个电话号码。14 形容词形容词 A man so difficult to please must be hard to work with. 一个挺难取悦的人必定很难共事。一个挺难取悦的人必定很难共事。 We often go to a park nearby on weekends.我们周末经常去附近公园我们周末经常去附近公园。 We spent the last few sunny days there.我们在那度过最后几天晴朗的天我们在那度过最后几天晴朗的天。 My grandpa is a weak small old man. 我祖父是个瘦弱老人。 What he sai

45、d sounds reasonable. 他说的听上去有道理。 This is just as important an experiment as that. 这个实验和那个实验一样重要。 He thought it safer to drive himself than let me do. 他觉得自己开车比让我开车安全些。 I like apples best of all fruits. 所有水果中我最喜欢苹果。 Draw a straight line on the paper. 在纸上划一直线。15 副词 A new car is rather too much for me. 对

46、我来说买辆新车太贵了。 Do come straight to the point. 开门见山。 This happened early in 1950. 这事发生在1950年初。 Of the three boys, David runs fastest. 三个男孩中，大卫跑得最快。三个男孩中，大卫跑得最快。 The shirt fits perfectly. 这件上衣很合体。这件上衣很合体。 Things gradually improved. 情况逐渐改善。情况逐渐改善。 The weather was rather worse than I had expected. 天气比我们预期的

47、要天气比我们预期的要糟。 His lecture is interesting enough. 他的讲座很有意思。他的讲座很有意思。（9）Think first, then act. 先思后行。先思后行。16 构词法构词法（1） 合成法 My mother is a middle-aged teacher. 我母亲是一位中年教师。 Sino-Japanese trade has been expanding.中日贸易一直在扩大。 I wrote a five-page summary of the situation.我写了五页形势总结。 Mr.Green is my brother-in-l

48、aw. 格林先生是我的堂兄。 The Zhongguan Cun is now a heartland of science and technology. 中关村是科技的中心地带。（2） 派生法 We mustnt judge by appearance. (appear ) 我们不要以貌取人。 Let me say this in conclusion. (conclude) 让我这样说作为结束。 Let me know the time of your arrival. (arrive) 请通知我你们到达的时间。 He was careful in performance of his

49、duty. (perform) 他认真执行任务。（3）转换法（前缀 / 后缀） 转换法 That was very thoughtless of you. 你真是太不动脑子。 His house was very small and untidy. 他的房子又小又不整洁。 She wanted to save her sister from unhappiness. 她想帮妹妹从不快中解脱出来。她想帮妹妹从不快中解脱出来。 The path was invisible. 小路看不见小路看不见。 I dislike change my mind. 我不愿改变主意。我不愿改变主意。（4） 缩写和简

50、写 Entry to the WTO (the World World Trade Organization) will help China improveits development of economy.中国加入世界贸易组织会推动经济发展。中国加入世界贸易组织会推动经济发展。 She has to take tests such as TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) andGRE (Graduate Record Examination).她必须参加如托福和她必须参加如托福和GRE的考试。的考试。 句法结构基本句型（1） 主主