美国种族介绍(中英文对照).pdf

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1、美国种族介绍Abstract Over the next generation or two, Americas older, largely white population文摘在接下来的两代人,美国的老年人,白人人口will increasingly be replaced by todays disproportionately poor minority children. All将越来越多地取代今天的不成比例的少数民族的孩子差。所有future growth will come from populations other than non-Hispanic whites as Am

2、erica未来增长将来自非拉美裔白人在美国以外的人群moves toward a majority-minority society by 2043.This so-called Third Demographic在 2043 年走向聚居且社会。这种所谓的第三个人口Transition raises important implications about changing racial boundaries in the United转变对改变美国种族界限提出了重要的意义States, that is, about the physical, economic, and sociocultu

3、ral barriers that separate州,即物理、经济和社会文化壁垒,分开different racial and ethnic groups.Americas racial transformation may place upward不同的种族和族裔群体。美国的种族转换可能上升demographic pressure on future poverty and inequality as todays disproportionately人口压力未来的贫困和不平等作为今天的不成比例poor and minority children grow into adult roles

4、.Racial boundaries will be reshaped by贫困和少数民族的学生成长为成人的角色。种族界限将被重塑the changing meaning of race and ethnicity, shifting patterns of racial segregation in不断变化的意义种族和民族,种族隔离的模式转变neighborhoods and the workplace, newly integrating (or not) friendship networks, and社区和工作场所,新整合(或不)友谊网络,changing rates of inter

5、racial marriage and childbearing.The empirical literature provides改变利率的跨种族婚姻和生育。实证文献提供complicated lessons and offers few guarantees that growing racial diversity will lead to a复杂的课程,并提供一些保证种族多样性将导致增长corresponding breakdown in racial boundariesthat whites and minorities will在白人和少数种族界限,将相应的崩溃increasin

6、gly share the same physical and social spaces or interact as coequals. How越来越多的共享同一物理和社会空间或交互作为同等。如何Americas older population of elected officials and taxpayers responds today to美国的老年人口的民选官员和纳税人今天回应Americas increasingly diverse population will provide a window to the future, when美国日益多样化的人口未来将提供一个窗口,

7、当todays children successfully transition (or not) into productive adult roles. Racial and今天的孩子们(或不)生产的成年人成功转变角色。种族和ethnic inclusion will be reshaped by changing ethnoracial inequality, which highlights将重塑民族包容改变 ethnoracial 不平等,这突出了the need to invest in childrennow.孩子们现在需要投资。Introduction介绍The United

8、States may be the most demographically diverse country among the1美国种族介绍美国可能是人口最多样化的国家之一worlds Western democracies. Americas population diversity is revealed along many世界的西方民主国家。美国人口的多样性是显示许多different dimensions that sometimes divide us, including age, class, religion, nativity有时我们分裂的不同维度,包括年龄、阶级,宗教,

9、诞生(and language), politics, sexual orientation, geography, and, of course, racial and(语言)、政治、性取向,地理,当然,种族和ethnic background, which animates the social, economic, and political implications of种族背景,关于社会、经济和政治的影响virtually every aspect of diversity.Growing population diversityand the myriad几乎每一个方面的多样性。不

10、断增长的人口多样性和无数ways it is expressed every day in Americawill be driven by ongoing demographic每天它的表达方式会受到持续的人口processes and shifting ethnoracial boundaries.To be sure, America is a land of racial过程和转移 ethnoracial 边界。可以肯定的是,美国是一个种族的土地and ethnic immigrants with diverse sociocultural and economic backgroun

11、ds移民和种族多元化的社会文化和经济背景(Hirschman 2005; Tienda 2002).The nation has moved well beyond the “melting(赫希曼 2005;Tienda 2005)。国家已远远超出了“融化pot” metaphor.We have instead embraced a new multiculturalism, while also ac-锅”的比喻。我们拥抱一个新的多元文化主义,同时 ac -knowledging the possibility of segmented assimilation, transnation

12、alism, and down-知识的可能性,分段同化、跨国主义-ward mobility (among some groups) into a minority underclass.Assimilation into a病房移动(在一些组)少数下层阶级。同化成一个white majority is neither inevitable nor always desirable (Alba and Nee 2003; Portes大部分白人既不是不可避免的,也不总是可取的(阿尔巴和娘家姓的 2003;波特斯and Zhou 1993).和周 1993)。A concern today is

13、 that racial and ethnic diversitywhich is often celebrated in现在问题是,种族和民族多样性往往是庆祝anticipation of achieving a new postracial societymay instead be a source of预期实现一个新的后种族社会可能相反的一个来源growing political conflict, cultural disunity, and loss of community or cohesion.日益增长的政治冲突,文化不团结,社区或丧失凝聚力。The politics of

14、racial diversity may grow in importance rather than dissipate over的政治种族多样性可能成长的重要性,而不是消失the foreseeable future as the United States moves toward becoming a majority-在可预见的未来美国走向成为多数minority society as early as 2043 (U.S. Census Bureau 2012a).少数民族社会早在 2043 年(2012 年美国人口普查局)。Is America fragmenting? 1 Th

15、is is a contentious question that politicians and美国分裂吗?1 这是政治家和一个有争议的问题pundits often raise today (e.g. , Buchanan 2011; Huffington 2011; Murray 2012),2美国种族介绍今天专家经常提高(如。穆雷赫芬顿,布坎南 2011;2011;2012),but also one that has been common historically in Americas social and political,但也是一个已经在美国的社会和政治共同的历史disco

16、urse, especially during periods of social and political upheaval and rapid话语,尤其是时期社会和政治动荡和快速immigration (see Fischer and Mattson 2009; Hollinger 2008; Portes and Vickstrom移民(见费舍尔和霍林格公司马特森2009;2008;波特斯和 Vickstrom2011).Now is one of those times.2011)。现在就是其中的一次。Indeed, current and future demographic sh

17、ifts pose extraordinary challenges for事实上,当前和未来的人口变化带来非凡的挑战America that cannot be ignored or easily dismissed.Growing racial diversity may美国不能被忽略或轻易解雇。日益增长的种族多样性可能provide opportunities for a more integrated future (Alba and Nee 2003; Hochschild et更综合的未来提供机会(阿尔巴和娘家姓的 2003;Hochschild 等al. 2012; Lee an

18、d Bean 2010), but this will not come easily (Bobo 2011; Hero 2007).艾尔。2012;李和豆 2010),但这将来之不易(波波英雄 2011;2011)。The failure to effectively address questions of persistent racial and ethnic economic未能有效地解决持续的种族和民族经济的问题inequality, immigration (especially undocumented arrivals) and immigrant incorpo-不平等,移

19、民(特别是非法移民)和移民 incorpo -ration, and racial and ethnic geographic balkanization may reveal new and unantic-配给,种族和民族地理割据可能揭示新的unantic -ipated patterns of cultural and economic fragmentation. As the future unfolds, how文化和经济分裂的 ipat 模式。随着未来展开,如何去做will the American peopleindividually and collectivelyrespo

20、nd to the nations将美国人们个别和 collectively-respond国家的吗rapidly changing racial and ethnic mix?Will racial boundaries be redrawn and快速变化的种族和民族混合吗?种族的界限会重绘和吗persistent racial and ethnic inequality decline over the foreseeable future? Will持续的种族和民族平等的下降在可预见的未来?将America become “one nation” with a common natio

21、nal and cultural identity? Will美国成为“一个国家”与一个共同的民族和文化身份?将it become a postracial society, where race no longer matters? Or will America become它成为一个后种族的社会,种族不再重要在哪里?美国或将成为something else?其他什么?This article highlights the demographic parameters of current and future racial and本文强调了人口统计参数的当前和未来的种族和ethnic c

22、hange in America.I begin by presenting evidence of a“Third Demographic在美国种族变化。我首先提出“第三人口的证据Transition” marked by unprecedented changes in Americas racial and ethnic makeup过渡”,在美国的种族和民族构成前所未有的变化over the next 40 years. 2 Racial diversity will be driven by new immigration, but it3美国种族介绍在接下来的 40 年。2 种族多

23、样性将会由新移民,但它also will be shaped by minority fertility and white natural decrease, which I argue will也将由少数民族生育和白色自然减少,我认为give demographic impetus to higher poverty rates and more inequality in the future.给高贫困率和人口动力在未来更多的不平等。Diversity begins with childrenfrom the “bottom up. ” Over the next generation

24、or多样性从孩子开始“自底向上。 “未来一代two, an older, largely white and affluent population will be increasingly replaced by两个,一个年长的,主要是白色和富裕的人口将越来越多地取代了todays disproportionately poor minority children, who will reshape Americas future今天的不成比例的贫穷的少数民族的孩子,谁将重塑美国的未来and its place in a globalizing economy.及其在全球化经济。The so

25、cial and political implications of growing racial and ethnic diversity日益增长的社会和政治影响种族和民族的多样性will ultimately depend on changing race relations and the breakdown of racial最终将取决于改变种族关系和种族的崩溃吗boundaries that have been resilient to change.Racial divisions have been边界的弹性变化。种族分歧已经shaped historically by limi

26、ted opportunities for interracial interaction in neigh-塑造了不同种族之间的互动机会有限,历史上的马嘶声borhoods, schools, and the workplace and by in-group solidarity (as revealed inborhoods、学校和工作场所和群体团结(如中透露的racially homophilious relationships), which are often reinforced by racism and种族 homophilious 关系),它通常是由种族主义和加强anti-

27、immigrant hostility (Massey and Snchez 2010).Indeed, as I illustrate here,反移民的敌意(梅西和桑切斯 2010)。事实上,我在这里说明,growing racial diversity could “brighten” rather than redraw current racial日益增长的种族多样性可能“照亮”而不是改变当前的种族boundaries or create a new racial order (e.g. , Frank et al. 2010; Hochschild(如边界或者创建一个新的种族秩序。

28、弗兰克et al . 2010;Hochschildet al. 2012).Growing diversity over the foreseeable future is no guarantee thatet al . 2012 年)。日益增长的多样性在可预见的未来没有保证people of different cultural backgrounds will share the same physical and social不同文化背景的人们将共享相同的物理和社会spaces.New opportunities for intergroup contact, if measured

29、 by declining空间。新群际接触的机会,如果按下降racial segregation, may also be offset by growing in-group racial preferences种族隔离,也可能抵消了增长群体种族偏好in social networks, friendship cliques, and interracial marriage.在社交网络上,友谊派系,异族通婚。In the end, opportunities and preferences for interracial contact and affiliation will最后,机会和

30、偏好不同种族之间的接触和联系depend heavily on the prospect of upward socioeconomic mobility among todays4美国种族介绍很大程度上取决于今天的向上社会流动的前景minority childrenthe next generation (Alba et al. 2011).Here, I highlight several少数民族住下一代(Alba et al . 2011 年)。在这里,我强调几个emerging threats to minority socioeconomic mobility and to harm

31、onious race rela-新兴威胁少数民族社会经济的灵活性和种族和谐rela -tions in the future.How America responds now to the new challenges of racial and在未来。美国如何回应现在种族和新挑战的ethnic diversity will determine whether it becomes a more open and inclusive society种族多样性将决定是否成为一个更加开放和包容的社会in the futureone that provides equal opportunitie

32、s and justice for all.This is a在未来提供平等机会和正义。这是一个demographic “pipeline” issue that will not go away anytime soon and that will人口“管道”问题,在短期内不会消失,会的reshape racial politics over the foreseeable future.在可预见的未来重塑种族政治。Americas Racial Future: A Third Demographic Transition?美国种族的未来:三分之一人口过渡?The Third Demogra

33、phic Transition, as coined by David Coleman (2006), refers to the第三人口过渡,创造的大卫科尔曼(2006),指的是societal transformation from a low-fertility, native-born majority population to a high-从低社会转型,土生土长的多数人口高fertility, racial and ethnic immigrant population. This population transition is general (at生育能力,种族和民族移民人

34、口。一般(在这个人口过渡least across todays developed world, but especially in Europe) and it is irreversible至少在今天的发达国家,尤其是在欧洲),而且是不可逆转的(Coleman 2009). 3 To claim that the United States is in the throes of a Third(科尔曼 2009)。3 日声称,美国三分之一的阵痛Demographic Transition, we must start with some basic demographic facts,

35、if only to人口转变,我们必须先从一些基本的统计事实,要是reinforce casual observations or impressions about growing racial diversity in America.加强休闲观察或有关美国种族多元化增长的印象。The 2010 U.S. decennial census revealed that the percentage of non-Hispanic whites2010 年美国人口普查显示,非拉美裔白人的百分比decreased from 69.1 % to 63.7 % between 2000 and 20

36、10 (Humes et al. 2011). 4 More2000 年至 2010 年间从 69.1%下降到 63.7%(休谟 et al . 2011 年)。4 个significantly, newly released U.S. Census Bureau projections (based on the 2010 census)值得注意的是,新公布的美国人口普查局预测(根据 2010 年的人口普查)indicate that the non-Hispanic white population is expected to decline from roughly 197表明,非西班

37、牙裔白人人口预计将下降约197million in 2010 to slightly more than 186 million in 2050, as white natural decrease takes万至 2010 年的略高于 1.86 亿年的 2050,白色的自然减少a demographic grip on Americas future (U.S. Census Bureau 2012a). Americas对美国未来的人口控制(美国人口普查局 2012 年)。美国的5美国种族介绍minority populations, in contrast, will nearly do

38、uble in size over the next 40 years,相比之下,少数民族人口规模将在未来40 年增加近一倍,increasing from 112 million to 213 million persons if recent patterns of immigration,从 1.12 亿增长到 2.13 亿人,如果最近的移民模式,fertility, and mortality continue as they have (U.S. Census Bureau 2012b). All of the生育率和死亡率继续他们(美国人口普查局 2012 b)。所有的projec

39、ted U.S. population increase will come from groups other than non-Hispanic预期美国人口增长将来自团体非西班牙裔whites.The United States is moving inexorably toward becoming a majority-minority白人。美国正无情地朝着聚居且society.Indeed, only 46.6 % of the U.S. population will be classified as white in 2050 if的社会。事实上,只有 46.6%的美国人口将在

40、2050 年划分为白色current demographic trends continue.The racial crossover occurs in 2043 (see Fig. 1).目前的人口发展趋势继续下去。2043 年种族发生交叉(见图 1)。Projected increases in the racial and ethnic minority population may give demographic预计增加在种族和少数民族人口会给人口impetus to more poverty and inequality in the future.This can be eff

41、ectively demonstrated动力在未来更多的贫困和不平等。这可以有效的证明with a simple accounting exercise.Applying age-race-sexspecific poverty rates (from the用一个简单的会计活动。应用age-race-sex-specific贫困率(从2010 American Community Survey) to projected age-race-sex populations in 2050 yields2010 年美国社区调查)预计 age-race-sex人口 2050 年收益率projec

42、ted poverty rates in 2050 (see Murdock et al. 2003 for similar approach). As shown预计 2050 年贫困率(见默多克 et al . 2003 年类似的方法)。如图所示in Table 1, this exercise implies a 2050 poverty rate of 16.6 %, which compares在表 1 中,这个练习意味着 2050 年贫困率为 16.6%,比较unfavorably with the published poverty rate of 15.1 % in 2010

43、(DeNavas-Walt et al. 2011).无法与发布的 2010 年 15.1%的贫困率(DeNavas-Walt et al . 2011年)。Of course, projected poverty rates in 2050 reflect not only the influences of racial当然,预计 2050 年贫困率反映不仅种族的影响composition but also changes in the age-sex composition (e.g. , an older population will作文也年龄性别构成的变化(如人口将会更长寿have

44、 lower overall rates of poverty).Yet, as shown in Table 1, projected poverty rates in总体贫困率较低)。然而,如表 1 所示,预计贫困率2050 exceed the poverty rate in 2010 for all groups children, prime-age adults, and2050 年超过 2010 年贫困率 groups-children,对于那些壮年成年人,和seniorsa fact that mostly reflects shifts in the racial and e

45、thnic composition only. Theseseniors-a 事实主要反映了种族和民族的变化。这些projected increases, although seemingly small (i.e. , representing roughly a 10 % increase in预计增加,虽然看似小(即。,代表约增加 10%poverty), nevertheless translate into almost 5 million more poor people in 2050 than if贫困),却更多地转化为近 500 万贫困人口在 2050 年poverty ra

46、tes stayed at 2010 levels.And they also tell us that over 70 % of Americas poor6美国种族介绍贫困率在 2010 年的水平。他们还告诉我们,美国有超过 70%的贫穷in 2050 will be minoritiesa fact that has its own political consequences, if measured in2050 年将是少数群体有自己的政治后果,如果测量public support for the poor (Gilens 2000).公众对穷人的支持(Gilens 2000)。Of

47、 course, future age-race-sexspecific poverty rates may not stay at 2010 levels;当然,未来 age-race-sex-specific贫困率可能不会呆在 2010 年的水平;they may increase or decrease unpredictably over time for different segments of the U.S.他们可能会增加或减少不可预知的不同部分的美国population. 5 Yet, looking back 35 years rather than forward, th

48、e child poverty rates in人口。5,回首过去 35 年而不是向前,儿童贫困率1976 were 40.6 % and 30.2 % for blacks and Hispanics, respectively. These figures are1976 年黑人和拉美裔人的分别为40.6%和 30.2%,分别。这些数字是little different from 2010 poverty estimates (i.e. , 39.0 % for blacks and 34.9 % for从 2010 年贫困估计(即有些不同。,39.0%的黑人和 34.9%的Hispani

49、cs; U.S. Census Bureau 2012c).Of course, race categories are highly fluid西班牙裔,美国人口普查局 2012 c)。当然,种族类别非常流畅(Perez and Hirschman 2009; Waters 1990). Racial self-definitions are often situational(法勒斯和赫希曼 2009;1990)水域。种族自我认知常常态势and can change over time and across generations (Duncan and Trejo 2007), whic

50、h并且可以随时间变化和跨代(邓肯和 Trejo 2007)potentially has uneven implications for poverty measurement across ethnoracial groups.可能会有不均匀影响贫困测量跨ethnoracial 组。Immigration and immigration policy also may change, perhaps unexpectedly, and移民和移民政策也可能会改变,也许意外,Americas economic and job outlook is impossible to forecast a