2021天津同等学力人员申请硕士学位考试考试模拟卷（1）.docx

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1、2021天津同等学力人员申请硕士学位考试考试模拟卷（1）本卷共分为2大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共40题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Passage Three Predicting the future is risky business for a scientist. It is safe to say, however, that the global AIDS epidemic will get much worse before it gets any better. Sadly, this modern p

2、lague will be with us for several generations, despite major scientific advances. As of January 2000, the AIDS epidemic had claimed 15 million lives and left 40 million people living with a viral infection that slowly but relentlessly erodes the immune system. Accounting for more than 3 million deat

3、hs in the past year alone, the AIDS virus has become the deadliest microbe in the world. In Africa nearly a dozen countries have a rate higher than 10%, including four southern African nations in which a quarter of the people are infected. This is like condemning 16 000 people each day to a slow and

4、 miserable death. Fortunately, the AIDS story has not been all gloom and doom. Less than two years after AIDS was recognized, the guilty agenthuman immunodeficiency virus, or HIVwas identified. We now know more about HIV than about any other virus, and 14 AIDS drugs have been developed and licensed

5、in the U.S. and Western Europe. The epidemic continues to rage, however, in South America, Eastern Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. By the year 2025, AIDS will be by far the major killer of young Africans, decreasing life expectancy to as low as 40 years in some countries and single-handedly erasing t

6、he public health gains of the past 50 years. It is Asia, with its huge population at risk, that will have the biggest impact on the global spread of AIDS. The magnitude of the incidence could range from 100 million to 1 billion, depending largely on what happens in India and China. Four million peop

7、le have already become HIV-positive in India, and infection is likely to reach several percent in a population of 1 billion. Half a million Chinese are now infected; the path of Chinas epidemic, however, is less certain. An explosive AIDS epidemic in the U.S. is unlikely. Instead, HIV infection will

8、 continue to plague in about 0.5% of the population. But the complexion of the epidemic will change. New HIV infections will occur predominantly in the underclass, with rates 10 times as high in minority groups. Nevertheless, American patients will live quality lives for decades, thanks to advances

9、in medical research. Dozens of powerful and well-tolerated AIDS drugs will be developed, as will novel means to restore the immune system. A cure for AIDS by the year 2025 is not inconceivable. But constrained by economic reality, these therapeutic advances will have only limited benefit outside the

10、 U.S. and Western Europe.According to the passage, which of the following statements is true AIn India, the infection rate almost reaches 12 percent of its population.BIn China, about 50 000 people are infected with HIV.CAIDS epidemic had caused 15 000 000 deaths in the whole world by January 2000.D

11、In the United States, HIV infection will go on to attack about 5% of the whole population. 2.Passage Five How many of todays ailments, or even illnesses, are purely psychological And how far can these be alleviated by the use of drugs For example a psychiatrist concerned mainly with the emotional pr

12、oblems of old people might improve their state of mind somewhat by the use of anti-depressants but he would not remove the root cause of their depressionthe feeling of being useless, often unwanted and handicapped by failing physical powers. One of the most important controversies in medicine today

13、is how far doctors, and particularly psychologists, should depend on the use of drugs for curing their patients. It is not merely that drugs may have been insufficiently tested and may reveal harmful side effects (as happened in the case of anti-sickness pills prescribed for expectant mothers) but t

14、he uneasiness of doctors who feel that they are treating the symptoms of a disease without removing the disease itself. On the other hand, some psychiatrists argue that in many cases (such as chronic depressive illness) it is impossible to get at the root of the illness while the patient is in a dep

15、ressed state. Even prolonged psychiatric care may have no noticeable effect whereas some people can be lifted out of a depression by the use of drugs within a matter of weeks. These doctors feel not only that they have no right to withhold such treatment, but that the root cause of depression can be

16、 tackled better when the patient himself feels better. This controversy is concerned, however, with the serious psychological illnesses. It does not solve the problem of those whose headaches, indigestion, backache, etc. are due to nerves. Commonly a busy family doctor will ascribe them to some phys

17、ical cause and as a matter of routine prescribe a drug. Once again the symptoms are being cured rather than the disease itself. It may be true to say, as one doctor suggested recently, that over half of the cases that come to the ordinary doctors attention are not purely physical ailments. If this i

18、s so, the situation is serious indeed.The author thinks that drugs used for treating psychological ills _. Acould be ineffective in some casesBusually have harmful side effectsCcan greatly alleviate the illnessesDcan remove the root causes 3.Passage Four Without question there are plenty of bargains

19、 to be had at sales timeparticularly at the top-quality shops whose reputation depends on having only the best and newest goods in stock each season. They tend, for obvious reasons, to be the fashion or seasonal goods which in due course become the biggest bargains. It is true that some goods are sp

20、ecially brought in for the sales but these too can provide exceptional value. A manufacturer may have the end of a range left on his hands and be glad to sell the lot off cheaply to shops; or he may have a surplus of a certain material which he is glad to make up and get rid of cheaply; or he may be

21、 prepared to produce a special line at low cost merely to keep his employees busy during a slack period. He is likely to have a good many seconds available and if their defects are trifling these may be particularly good bargains. Nevertheless, sales do offer a special opportunity for sharp practice

22、s and shoppers need to be extra critical. For example the second should be clearly marked as such and not sold as if they were perfect. (The term substandard, incidentally, usually indicates a more serious defect than seconds.) More serious is the habit of marking the price down from an alleged prev

23、ious price which is in fact fictitious. Misdescription of this and all other kinds is much practiced by the men who run one day sales of carpets in church halls and the like. As the sellers leave the district the day after the sale there is little possibility of redress. In advertising sales, shops

24、may say only 100 left when in fact they have plenty more; conversely they may say 10 000 at half-price when only a few are available at such a drastic reduction. If ever the warning let the buyer beware were necessary it is during sales.The second paragraph deals with all of the following types of g

25、oods EXCEPT _. Asurplus goodsBlow-cost goodsCthe end lot goodsDexceptionally valued goods 4.Passage Three Through the years, our view of what leadership is and who can exercise it has changed considerably. Leadership competencies have remained constant, but our understanding of what it is, how it wo

26、rks, and the ways in which people learn to apply it has shifted. We do have the beginnings of a general theory of leadership, from history and social research and above all from the thoughts of reflective practitioners such as Moses, Julius Caesar, and James Madison, and in our own time from such di

27、sparate sources of wisdom as Gandhi, Winston Churchill, Mao Tse-tung, and Henry Kissinger, who have very little in common except that they have not only been there but tried with some fairness to speculate on paper about it. But tales and reflective observation are not enough except to convince us t

28、hat leaders are physically strong and abnormally hard workers. Today we are a little closer to understanding how and who people lead, but it wasnt easy getting there. Decades of academic analysis have given us more than 350 definitions of leadership. Literally thousands of empirical investigations o

29、f leaders have been conducted in the last seventy-five years alone, but no clear understanding exists as to what distinguishes leaders from non-leaders, and perhaps more important, what distinguishes effective leaders from ineffective leaders and effective organizations from ineffective organization

30、s. Never have so many labored so long to say so little. Multiple interpretations of leadership exist, each providing a fragment of insight but each remaining an incomplete and wholly inadequate explanation. Most of these definitions dont agree with each other, and many of them would seem quite remot

31、e to the leaders whose skills are being examined. Definitions reflect fashions, political tides and academic trends. They dont always reflect reality and sometimes they just represent nonsense. Its as if what Braque once said about art is also true of leadership: The only thing that matters in art i

32、s the part that cannot be explained. Many theories of leadership have come and gone. Some looked at the leader. Some looked at the situation. None has stood the test of time. With such a track record, it is understandable why leadership research and theory have been so frustrating as to deserve the

33、label the La Brea Tar Pits of organizational inquiry. Located in Los Angeles, these asphalt pits house the remains of a long sequence of prehistoric animals that came to investigate but never left the area.The author thinks that _. Amany people have labored to be leadersBleaders are beyond our under

34、standingCthe essence of leadership has not been graspedDthe definitions of leadership should vary 5.Passage Two Last week 29 earnest American high school students were invited to an evening of receiving good words, small talk, warm toasts and fancy silverware. Find out something about the person sit

35、ting next to you, advised former US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. Eventually, youll discover they always have something interesting to say. And you should always use the proper silverware in the proper order. Albright was the guest of honor at the imitated Official Dinner, which was a lot l

36、ike a real official dinner in Washington minus the soft money. The evening was sponsored by the St. Albans School of Public Services to introduce its first class to the fine art of social survival. More than 84 guests, including students, teachers, school donors and speakers, gathered to replicate t

37、he lifestyle of the rich and political. The idea was to teach the social graces that will help students survive any social situation. Anyway, the whole proper fork thing is overrated. Former White House official C. Boyden Gray shared his top tips for surviving dinner parties: Drink as little as poss

38、ible until you get to dinner. Dont be the first person there or the last person to leave. Try to get more out of your dinner partners than they get out of you. Every Official Dinner has a greater reason for being. State dinners, for example, are either an opportunity to reward emerging democracies o

39、r strengthen old friendships. The Official Dinner was intended to show the students an elegant evening in Washingtonpart of the four-week intensive summer program to encourage public service. The students are from 13 states and two foreign countries. The program includes classes on the presidency, t

40、he courts, the media and international affairs. The students also debated public policy issues. Theyre still at it at 10 oclock at night, said director Mary Waikart. Thats good practice for Washington, isnt it Since there was no band, Albright offered herself up as the nights entertainer. No singing

41、, but stories about her life in diplomacy. Being secretary of state is the best job in the world, she said. Better than being president, because you dont have to deal with the elections.What does the underlined word replicate (Paragraph 5) mean ApracticeBexerciseCimitateDreconstruct 6.Passage Three

42、Predicting the future is risky business for a scientist. It is safe to say, however, that the global AIDS epidemic will get much worse before it gets any better. Sadly, this modern plague will be with us for several generations, despite major scientific advances. As of January 2000, the AIDS epidemi

43、c had claimed 15 million lives and left 40 million people living with a viral infection that slowly but relentlessly erodes the immune system. Accounting for more than 3 million deaths in the past year alone, the AIDS virus has become the deadliest microbe in the world. In Africa nearly a dozen coun

44、tries have a rate higher than 10%, including four southern African nations in which a quarter of the people are infected. This is like condemning 16 000 people each day to a slow and miserable death. Fortunately, the AIDS story has not been all gloom and doom. Less than two years after AIDS was reco

45、gnized, the guilty agenthuman immunodeficiency virus, or HIVwas identified. We now know more about HIV than about any other virus, and 14 AIDS drugs have been developed and licensed in the U.S. and Western Europe. The epidemic continues to rage, however, in South America, Eastern Europe and sub-Saha

46、ran Africa. By the year 2025, AIDS will be by far the major killer of young Africans, decreasing life expectancy to as low as 40 years in some countries and single-handedly erasing the public health gains of the past 50 years. It is Asia, with its huge population at risk, that will have the biggest

47、impact on the global spread of AIDS. The magnitude of the incidence could range from 100 million to 1 billion, depending largely on what happens in India and China. Four million people have already become HIV-positive in India, and infection is likely to reach several percent in a population of 1 bi

48、llion. Half a million Chinese are now infected; the path of Chinas epidemic, however, is less certain. An explosive AIDS epidemic in the U.S. is unlikely. Instead, HIV infection will continue to plague in about 0.5% of the population. But the complexion of the epidemic will change. New HIV infections will occur predominantly in the underclass, with rates 10 times as high in minority groups. Nevertheless, American patients will live quality lives for decades, thanks to advances in medical research. Dozens of powerful and well-tolerated AIDS