2021山东在职攻读硕士联考考试真题卷（9）.docx

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1、2021山东在职攻读硕士联考考试真题卷（9）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Passage Two Genetic engineering holds great potential payoffs for farmers and consumers by making crops resistant to pests, diseases, and even chemicals used to kill surrounding weeds; but new research

2、raises concerns that altering crops to withstand such threats may pose new risks-from none other than the weeds themselves. This is due to the weeds ability to acquire genes from the neighboring agricultural crops. Researchers found that when a weed cross-breeds with a farm-cultivated relative and t

3、hus acquires new genetic traits-possibly including artificial genes engineered to make the crop hardier-the hybrid weed can pass along those traits to future generations. The result may be very hardy, hard-to-kill weeds, said Allison Snow, a plant ecologist at Ohio State University in Columbus who c

4、onducted the experiments over the past six years along with two colleagues. They presented their results last week at the annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America in Madison, Wisconsin. The findings suggest that genetic engineering done with the aim of improving crops-growing the new gene

5、tic traits such as resistance to herbicides or pests- could ultimately have unintended and harmful consequences for the crops if weeds acquire the same trait and use it to out-compete the crops. Gene movement from crops to their wild relatives is an ongoing process that can be ultimately harmful to

6、crops, said Snow. The results of the experiments challenge a common belief that hybrids gradually die out over several generations, Snow explained. There has been an assumption that crop genes wouldnt persist in crop-weed hybrids because hybrids are thought to be less successful at reproducing, she

7、said. However, Snows research contradicted this assumption: Hybrid wild radishes survived in all six generations that were grown since the study began. Although the genetic traits the scientists monitored were natural and not genetically engineered, the findings nonetheless suggest that artificial i

8、mprovements introduced into crops through genetic engineering could spread to weeds and become permanent traits of the weed population. So strengthened, the weeds may pose a serious risk to the long-term health of agricultural crops. The danger exists in a number of crop plants-including rice, sunfl

9、ower, sorghum, squash, and carrots-that are closely related to weeds with which they compete. Snow is concerned that the transfer of genes from crops to related weeds could rapidly render many herbicides (chemicals which kill weeds) ineffectual. That situation, she said, would be much like bacterial

10、 diseases acquiring resistance to antibiotics. Because plant hybrids arise in a single generation, however, it could happen much more quickly; Modern agriculture is heavily dependent on herbicides, she said, so people will notice when those dont work anymore.The potential for hazardous weeds develop

11、ing from genetically modified plants is greatest for _. Acrops who rely on herbicides and pesticides for effective harvestsBareas in which cross-breeding is kept to a minimumCagricultural crops grown for their contentDcrops that are closely related to weeds 2.Passage Four Education begins with teach

12、ers. Yet teaching seems to be losing its appeal for many of the best and brightest college students. In high school, many of the best students decide that they want to be teachers, but their relatives and friends soon convince them to change their minds. One students mother kept reminding her of the

13、 relatively skimpy salaries teachers currently earn until the student changed to another major. Another student took computer science courses because his father thought that teachers were at the bottom of the social ladder. One said that none of her friends looked upon teaching as a worthwhile caree

14、r, so she came to think of teaching as not noble enough and went into pharmacy instead. According to several recent reports on the shortcomings of American public schooling, teachings lack of appeal for the brightest college students is one of the teaching professions most worrisome problems. Many a

15、rticles on teaching, currently popular in newspapers, magazines, and professional education journals, concentrate on the negative aspects of teaching. The expression teacher burnout is commonly ascribed to thousands of thoughtful and dedicated teachers who are leaving the profession. Teacher burnout

16、 is caused by such problems as violence in the classroom, vandalism, inadequate salaries, involuntary transfers, interfering parents, oversized classes, and excessive paperwork. Even the best teachers cannot solve a childs problems, but many of them believe the public expects them to, and they give

17、up teaching in despair. Despite the more limited financial prospects, the deterioration of the American publics attitude toward teachers, and the problems caused by disruptive students, many of the best students conclude that they want to pursue careers in the classroom after all. The three students

18、 mentioned above discovered that they wanted personal fulfillment from their lifes work more than they wanted material rewards. Each eventually chose to become a teacher. However, a growing body of evidence shows that such students are exceptions, rather than the rule, in Americas more than 1,200 te

19、acher-training programs. Many teacher-training schools are beginning to look at ways to recruit the kind of people who would be inclined toward the positive aspects of teaching. The teaching profession has to become more attractive to good students. Prospective teachers will see increased emphasis b

20、y national teacher organizations, state certification agencies, and local districts on improving the status of the profession, as well as on improving teacher salaries. Continued efforts to eliminate jobs teachers do that are not teacher-such as policing the restrooms, hallways, and cafeterias-are i

21、mportant for upgrading the profession. While teaching is not a wise career choice for all, teaching is a noble and rewarding profession for those who indeed seek personal fulfillment from their lifes work. The first year of teaching is frequently the most frustrating year in a teachers life. The exp

22、erience of solving problems that deal with instruction, students, parents, administrators, and fellow teachers is of immeasurable value for future success.It is implied in the passage that _. Athe expression teacher burnout does not reflect the reality of the teaching professionBmost teachers are no

23、t willing to do jobs which have little to do with teachingCpersonal fulfillment is of extreme importance for most students to choose their future careersDno articles in professional education journals pay attention to the positive aspects of teaching 3.Directions: Read the following passage. For eac

24、h numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Large lecture classes are frequently regarded as a necessary evil. Such classes (21) be offered in many colleges and universities to meet high student (22) with limited faculty

25、resource, (23) teaching a large lecture class can be a (24) task. Lecture halls are (25) large, barren, and forbidding. It is difficult to get to know students. Students may seem bored in the (26) environment and may (27) read newspapers or even leave class in the middle of a lecture. Written work b

26、y the students seems out of the (28) . Although the challenges of teaching a large lecture class are (29) , they are not insurmountable. The solution is to develop (30) methods of classroom instruction that can reduce, if not (31) , many of the difficulties (32) in the mass class. In fact, we have (

27、33) at Kent State University teaching techniques which help make a large lecture class more like a small (34) . An (35) but important benefit of teaching the course (36) this manner has involved the activities of the teaching assistants who help us mark students written work. The faculty instructor

28、originally decided to ask the teaching assistants for help (37) this was the only practical way to (38) that all the papers could be evaluated. Now those (39) report enjoying their new status as junior professors, gaining a very different (40) on college education by being on the other side of the d

29、esk, learning a great deal about the subject matter, and improving their own writing as a direct result of grading other students papers. AspaciouslyBexceptionallyCtypicallyDunusually 4.Directions: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Ma

30、rk your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Passage One One of the questions that is coming into focus as we face growing scarcity of resources of many kinds in the world is how to divide limited resources among countries. In the international development community, the conventional wisdom has been that the

31、2 billion people living in poor countries could never expect to reach the standard of living that most of us in North America enjoy, simply because the world does not contain enough iron ore, protein, petroleum, and so on. At the same time, we in the United States have continued to pursue super affl

32、uence as though there were no limits on how much we could consume. We make up 6 percent of the worlds people; yet we consume one-third of the worlds resources. As long as the resources we consumed each year came primarily from within our own boundaries, this was largely an internal matter. But as ou

33、r resources come more and more from the outside world, outsiders are going to have some say over the rate at which and terms under which we consume. We will no longer be able to think in terms of our resources and their resources, but only of common resources. As Americans consuming such a dispropor

34、tionate share of the worlds resources, we have to question whether or not we can continue our pursuit of super affluence in a world of scarcity. We are now reaching the point where we must carefully examine the presumed link between our level of well-being and the level of material goods consumed. I

35、f you have only one crust of bread and get another crust of bread, your well-being is greatly enhanced. But if you have a loaf of bread, then an additional crust of bread doesnt make that much difference. In the eyes of most of the world today, Americans have their loaf of bread and are asking for s

36、till more. People elsewhere are beginning to ask why. This is the question were going to have to answer, whether were trying to persuade countries to step up their exports of oil to us or trying to convince them that we ought to be permitted to maintain our share of the world fish catch. The prospec

37、t of a scarcity of, and competition for, the worlds resources requires that we reexamine the way in which we relate to the rest of the world. It means we find ways of cutting back on resource consumption that is dependent on the resources and cooperation of other countries. We cannot expect people i

38、n these countries to concern themselves with our worsening energy and food shortages unless we demonstrate some concern for the hunger, illiteracy and disease that are diminishing life for them.What is the conclusion of this passage AThe United States will be isolated if it does not stop pursuing su

39、per affluence.BThe poor countries will no longer supply the United States with their goods.CThe United States should care about the well-being of other countries.DIt is time for the Americans to help the people in poor countries to improve their living standards. 5.Passage Four Education begins with

40、 teachers. Yet teaching seems to be losing its appeal for many of the best and brightest college students. In high school, many of the best students decide that they want to be teachers, but their relatives and friends soon convince them to change their minds. One students mother kept reminding her

41、of the relatively skimpy salaries teachers currently earn until the student changed to another major. Another student took computer science courses because his father thought that teachers were at the bottom of the social ladder. One said that none of her friends looked upon teaching as a worthwhile

42、 career, so she came to think of teaching as not noble enough and went into pharmacy instead. According to several recent reports on the shortcomings of American public schooling, teachings lack of appeal for the brightest college students is one of the teaching professions most worrisome problems.

43、Many articles on teaching, currently popular in newspapers, magazines, and professional education journals, concentrate on the negative aspects of teaching. The expression teacher burnout is commonly ascribed to thousands of thoughtful and dedicated teachers who are leaving the profession. Teacher b

44、urnout is caused by such problems as violence in the classroom, vandalism, inadequate salaries, involuntary transfers, interfering parents, oversized classes, and excessive paperwork. Even the best teachers cannot solve a childs problems, but many of them believe the public expects them to, and they

45、 give up teaching in despair. Despite the more limited financial prospects, the deterioration of the American publics attitude toward teachers, and the problems caused by disruptive students, many of the best students conclude that they want to pursue careers in the classroom after all. The three st

46、udents mentioned above discovered that they wanted personal fulfillment from their lifes work more than they wanted material rewards. Each eventually chose to become a teacher. However, a growing body of evidence shows that such students are exceptions, rather than the rule, in Americas more than 1,

47、200 teacher-training programs. Many teacher-training schools are beginning to look at ways to recruit the kind of people who would be inclined toward the positive aspects of teaching. The teaching profession has to become more attractive to good students. Prospective teachers will see increased emph

48、asis by national teacher organizations, state certification agencies, and local districts on improving the status of the profession, as well as on improving teacher salaries. Continued efforts to eliminate jobs teachers do that are not teacher-such as policing the restrooms, hallways, and cafeterias-are important for upgrading the profession. While teaching is not a wise career choice for all, teaching is a noble and rewarding profession for those who indeed seek personal fulfillment from their lifes work. The first year of teaching is frequently the most frustrating year in a teac