2021年吉林大学英语考试真题卷_1.docx

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1、2021年吉林大学英语考试真题卷本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.BTEXT B/B A cute little female about six inches high, with wings and a pretty dress is the usual description people give if you ask them what a fairy looks like. This image of the fairy as a tiny, lovable, an

2、gel-like creature dressed in white, goes back to about the seventeenth century. But before that time, fairies were very different. They were cruel and dangerous creatures which lived in the remote hills and forests of Britain. Farmers and hunters considered them to be as real and dangerous as the wo

3、lves and bears that lived in the wilder parts of the countryside. They were feared so much that people rarely spoke out loud of fairies, preferring to use more respectful names such as the little people or the hidden people. There were many different names for the hidden people: fairies, elves, pixi

4、es, leprechauns, brownies, and goblins, to name but a few. There were also a number of explanations of their origin. Some said they were spirits of wood and water. In Cornwall they were thought to be the restless ghosts of unbaptised babies. Still others believed them to be a separate creation, as r

5、eal as humans and animals. They had the appearance of dark-skinned and dark-haired humans, although of course they were much smaller than ordinary people. Most accounts describe them as being the size of children, about four feet or so. Their clothing seems almost always to have been green or brown,

6、 although they occasionally went naked. Many early stories indicate that they were nocturnal. They had their homes in lonely and out of the way places. Generally the fairies hated humans and could be very cruel to them. A good example of this cruelty is the legend of the changeling. The fairies woul

7、d steal human babies, especially those with fair hair and blue eyes, and replace them with one of their own or just a piece of wood. Babies were not the only thing that the fairies would steal. Tools, plates, saucepans, practically anything small that they could easily carry. Food was also taken, as

8、 well as clothing. Fruit trees were raided in the night and cows milked dry. The first thing we notice about these people is that their needs were not at all supernatural. They wanted food and were ready to steal in order to get it. Surely these were not ghosts or natural spirits. One explanation is

9、 that stories of fairies are folk memories of the pre-Celtic inhabitants of Britain. Folk memories are oral traditions handed down over the years by word of mouth, These traditions can be very ancient. The invasion of the Celts was an awful event for this island. It would not be surprising if some f

10、orm of memory of such an important event should survive to this day. These legends survive most strongly in the Celtic parts of the British Isles: Scotland, Wales, Ireland and Cornwall. But could stories based on these events really be handed down by word of mouth over 2,000 years We will never know

11、 the truth about the fairies. However, this theory does seem more probably than most. Before the 17th century, the little people or the hidden people were _.Ahighly respectedBcalled universally as fairiesCbelieved to be active at nightDsaid to move about naked all the time 2.BTEXT A/B How does a pre

12、sidential press conference work On TV you see a roomful of people. But out of two hundred or more present, fifty will be White House staffers who have come to observe and another twenty-five will be technicians. Of those left, ninety-odd will be reporters with White House press passes who have no in

13、tention of asking a question. (They come because it is important that they be seen by an editor at home.) That leaves some thirty-five regulars, those who travel with the President and who ask the questions. The seating at a press conference is not by accident. The regulars have marked seats in the

14、first three or four rows, and beyond that the seating is on a first-come, first-served basis. In a way that no one talks about, this allows a press secretary to let you know about his or the Presidents displeasure. If a reporter who has been in the front row walks in one day and finds he is sitting

15、five rows back, he knows what has happened. This fixed seating allows the President to know who is sitting where. Johnson studied the charts, and Nixson always knew where the reporters who mattered, in his view, were seated. He knew where he could go if he needed to change the subject. The lack of f

16、ollow-up to an answer has always been one of the flaws of the press conference format. The press corps has never done a good job on it. I tried to go into a press conference with five questions I would like to ask, and a backup list of five more. But I had to be ready to follow up someone elses ques

17、tion. There are other weaknesses in press conferences, of course, among them the fact that ninety-nine percent of the questions are political. Such issues as genetic-engineering, overpopulation, the global economy do not often get raised. We have not figured out yet what our responsibility should be

18、 reporting these issues before they get to be such immense problems. Ideally, a presidential news conference should be held every ten days to two weeks, live, in an unstructured seating. Television works best when it puts you there, in a situation where the camera has the least influence on the pers

19、on. With our improvement in technology, we are coming to that point soon. The new minicams spit our broadcast-ready videotape on the spot. If a reporter who has been in the front row walks into the conference room one day and finds he is sitting five rows back, it means _.Ahe is not a regular report

20、erBhe has come lateChe didnt talk about the conference with the press secretary beforehandDhe has probably offended the President 3.BTEXT D/B Some interesting recent research by a team from MRC Applied Psychology Unit at Cambridge analysed the sound structure of a large number of first names, and fo

21、und some interesting differences between men and women. It seems the sexes do not sound the same. The claims are of course limited by the size of their sample-1,667 entries taken from a dictionary of English first names-but the claims they make can easily be checked against our intuitions, and they

22、seem very plausible: Female first names tend to be longer than males, in terms of the number of syllables they contain. Males are much more likely to have a monosyllabic first name (Bob, Jim Fred, Frank, John), and much less likely to have a name of three or more syllables (Christopher, Nicholas). B

23、y contrast, there are few monosyllabic female names in the list (Ann, Joan, May) , and many of them are trisyllabic or more ( Katherine, Elizabeth, Amanda). 95% of male names have a first syllable which is strongly stressed, whereas only 75% of female names show this pattern. It is not difficult to

24、think of female names which begin with an unstressed syllable (Patricia, Elizabeth, Rebecca, Michelle), but male names are few and far between (Jerome, Dementrius). In fact, none of the popular British male names in top-2-1ists from the past 75 years has had an unstressed initial syllable-and only t

25、hree American names. The stressed syllables of female names tend to make much more use of the high front vowel / I/, such as Lisa, Tina, Celia, Maxine, and the archetypal Fifi and Mimi. Male names in /I/ are far less common (Steve, Keith, Peter). Female pet names tend to be longer than male. A dissy

26、llabic pet name could be either male or female, but a monosyllabic one is much more likely to be male. Jackie could be either sex, but Jack is male. Several other pairs share this expectancy, such as Bill /Billie and Bob/Bollie. Female names are much more likely to end in a vowel, as with Linda, Jud

27、y, Deborah, Barbara. If not a vowel, the last sound will very likely be a continuant, especially a nasal (Jean, Kathleen, Sharon, Ann). By contrast, plosives are much more likely to be found in male endings (Bob, David, Dick, Jack). It is of course difficult, perhaps impossible, to explain these tre

28、nds. Could the sound-symbolic associations of /I/, such as smallness and brightness, explain the bias of that vowel Can we relate the trend towards use of an initial stressed syllable to greater masculine aggressiveness One thing is sure: it is much more difficult to generalize safely about female n

29、ames. Popular male names are used much more predictably. There are several male names which have appeared on every list of the top 20 names in recent times (e. g. John, David), but no one female name appears on all lists. People are much readier to be inventive and different with female names. Accor

30、ding to the research, which of the following statements is trueA95% of male names begin with an unstressed syllable.BOnly one fourth of female names begin with an unstressed syllable.CAll except three popular British names begin with a stressed syllable.DJerome is an example of male names beginning

31、with a stressed syllable. 4.BTEXT E/B As the hot arctic summer drew to a close, till the magenta sun only slid along the horizon to sink again at once, the polar bear knew that a hard time lay ahead for her. During the months of night, fifty degrees below zero, her cubs would be born, the great task

32、 of motherhood was already begun, the time soon coming when she would bury herself deep down under the snow to give birth. From then until the day when she and the cubs burrowed up into daylight again she would not eat. She and they must live on what she had stored in her body during the summer, and

33、 on what she could catch and eat now. She must finish fattening herself up for the ordeal, and there was not much time left. She was not clearly aware of what was happening in her body, but the instinct was there to love the unborn cubs, to prepare for them and protect them; she did not risk her bod

34、y in careless adventures as she would at other times. But food Food- Suddenly, away down the ice-field, she saw a blackish slug on the ice-a seal. It was essential to catch him. In a moment she had decided on her approach, and slipped silently into the water to cut off his line of retreat. The ice r

35、ocked as her great weight left it. By a series of cunning dives and approaches, and keeping under the shoulder of ice, she got near to the seal. Breathing carefully, every nerve keyed to the task of silent approach, ready to spring-to dive-to slaughter, she slid nearer-nearer- Suddenly the seal saw

36、her. Terror convulsed his face. He swung away from her, humping madly along. The bear lunged up out of the water, on to the ice, on to the terrified seal. The water slashed off her everywhere like a tidal wave. There was a flurry of snow and water and fighting seal. His quick struggling body flapped

37、 under her as she slew him. Blood spurted on to the snow. When the seal was dead, the bear attended first to herself, getting rid of the wet from her coat before it could freeze, although oil had kept off the frost so far. Now for the seal. She ripped up the body, turning back the skin and blubber,

38、letting out a cloud of steam, and ate greedily of the hot crimson meat. Seal meat was her favorite, full of flavor, a hot meal, not like the white icy flakes of cod. Presently she saw upright seals coming along the shore. They were rather rare creatures, these, and dangerous for all they were so wea

39、k. The places where they lived had light and noise, and smelled full of good food. The she-bear often drew near the places, attracted by those smells. She hunted these land-seals too, and ate them when she could. They were not like the sea-seals, though. They wore seal fur, and their skins were rubb

40、ed with seal blubber, but there was a different taste inside. The polar bear got nearer to the seal by _.Asliding over the ice sheetBtiptoeing on the ice sheetCswimming under the ice sheetDcrawling from behind the seal 5.BTEXT C/B Insects which eat grain and other stored food can be partially contro

41、lled by cooling the grain. But the damage insects cause can be further limited by making them even more susceptible to cold, says a Canadian researcher. Insect pests die if they freeze, but many have the ability to become supercool, remaining alive even when the temperature drops to - 10. However, P

42、aul Fields of the Agriculture Canada Research Station in Winnipeg has discovered that the ability of these insects to supercool can be seriously affected by ice-nucleating-active bacteria. When the bacteria are present, the insects freeze and die at a higher temperature than normal. Ice-nucleating-a

43、ctive bacteria are found naturally on most plant leaves. They are also grown commercially for use in cloud seeding and in making artificial snow. Fields added these bacteria to wheat which was stored at a temperature of - 10 and contained the rusty grain beetle. He found that when the bacteria accou

44、nted for only 10 parts per million of the grain, the beetles supercooling point rose from - 11.3 to - 7.1, so more died. At concentrations of 100 ppm or 1000 ppm, the bacteria increased the supercooling point to as high as -6.3, which resulted in more than 75 percent of the beetles dying. Fields als

45、o applied the bacteria to two other species of grain beetle, Sitophilus granarius and Oryzaephilus surinamensis, keeping them at - 10. He found that more of these beetles also died. First, though, he gradually acclimatized some of the insects to cold, to simulate the increase in tolerance to cold wh

46、ich they normally develop as winter approaches. Fields found that the insects that had been acclimatized were less affected by cold than the beetles that had not been acclimatized, but that more of them still died at - 10. Fields says that the technique of using ice-nucleating-active bacteria leaves

47、 no noxious chemical residues and poses little risk to the people who apply the treatment. It is also effective against insects which have become resistant to pesticides. Fields found that when the bacteria accounted for 100 parts per million of the grain, the beetles supercooling point _.Arose by 4

48、Bdropped by 4Crose by 5Ddropped by 5 6.BTEXT A/B How does a presidential press conference work On TV you see a roomful of people. But out of two hundred or more present, fifty will be White House staffers who have come to observe and another twenty-five will be technicians. Of those left, ninety-odd will be reporters with White House press passes who have no intention of