机械设计外文翻译(中英文).pdf

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1、Machine design theoryThe machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old productto meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the projecttechnology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and thedetailed structure basic idea, but also

2、 must study the product the personnel which inaspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs thepersonnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Projectengineer not only must have the creati

3、vity in the work, but also must in aspect and soon mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics andmachine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need theproduct. The invention,

4、the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly notnecessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are appliedcan produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before thedesign in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do n

5、eed this kindof productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on usingcreative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation productmanufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledgeto have to memorize some data and

6、 the formula is more important than. The merelyservice data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes ina good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on alloperations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can caus

7、ethe correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing toundertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method.Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spendsthe time an

8、d the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. Abrand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well themethod for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainlyis not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore

9、 theimprovement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, theprocess confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it afterthe confirmation new idea.Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has notbeen able to expect,

10、only has after these flaws and the question are solved, canmanifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, aperformance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk.Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new met

11、hod, isnot unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method.In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to displaythe creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, alsocan in the design early time, namely in front

12、 of the plan blueprint is corrected. Onlythen, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, mustpropose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has thepossibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not inplan some ide

13、as which accepts.How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the peopleadapts them to operate. Designs personnels basic responsibility is diligently causesthe machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainlydoes not have to all people to sa

14、y in fact all is the most superior operating area and theoperating process.Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchangeand the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs thepersonnel to have to carry on the exchange andthe consult

15、ation on the preliminarydesign with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is throughthe oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. Inorder to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem:(1) designs whether this produc

16、t truly does need for the people? Whether there iscompetitive ability(2) does this product compare with other companies existing similar products?(3) produces this kind of product is whether economical?(4) product service is whether convenient?(5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?Only

17、 has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, theproduct design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the abovequestion preliminary affirmation answer foundation in.Project engineer also shouldthrough the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carri

18、es on the consultationtogether with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal.Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request tosome components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes thecomponents the production to change easily. But,

19、in the project change must have topass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage theproduct the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packingforeign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw.These instances exactly s

20、howed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a bettermethod to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposedunceasingly diligently, seeks these better method.Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition,the choice process should be to th

21、e material continuously the unceasing againappraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materialscan obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, materialrecycling aspect and so on use, workers health and security frequently can attach thenew li

22、miting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight orsaves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes fromdomestic and international competition, to product service maintenance conveniencerequest enhancement and customers aspect the and so on feedback p

23、ressure, can urgethe people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not selectwhen created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profoundinfluence.Inaddition,thematerialandbetweenthematerialprocessinginterdependence is already known by the people clearly.

24、 Therefore, in order to canand guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtainsatisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefullyto choose, the determination and the use material.Makes any product the first step of work all is designs.

25、Designs usually may divideinto several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c)production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphaticallyconsidered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and considerseveral plans, then decided this kind

26、of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, thenshould makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the questionwhich only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has theperformance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; Ifno,

27、whether has a bigger assurance all permits inthe cost and the time in the limitdevelops one kind of new material.In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practicalfeasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses anddetermines each ki

28、nd of components the material. Usually must make the prototype orthe working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function,the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on.Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the

29、product to theproduction base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannotthis point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the productthe function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, thecost and the reliability. Has t

30、he achievement very much the company whenmanufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses withits production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far aspossible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The functioncomplete prototype

31、if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volumeeconomically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has inthe quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototypedoes not have the greatvalue. Project engineer is best can completel

32、y complete thematerial in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is notremains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the productiondesign stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to projectengineer to the product a

33、ll functions understanding. In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the materialrelated main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment,can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover thematerial quantity can q

34、uite be easy to guarantee the supply.In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make somechanges the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materialsto take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on theproduction late

35、r to change the material to have in to start before the production tochange the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completesthe choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations.Started after the production manufacture to appear has been poss

36、ible to supply the usethe new material is replaces the material the most commonreason. Certainly, thesenew materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But,must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performanceall to answer the purpose. Mu

37、st remember that, the new material performance and thereliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. Themajority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case isbecause in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, no

38、t trulyunderstood their long-term operational performance causes.The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the companywhen the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five mostcommon questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the ma

39、terialapplication aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able toforesee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have thepossibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and theconsideration because product application me

40、thod not when creates consequence.ecent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses theplaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, andwins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data areindefinite, works as it

41、s long-term performance data is the like this time in particular;(d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) thepersonnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses thematerial.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these q

42、uestions is does nothave the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions tothese questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Althoughuses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the productresponsibility lawsuit, design

43、s the personnel and the industry carries on the choice ofmaterial according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit thequantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the materialnature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensiv

44、e and thebasic understanding.翻译：机械设计理论机械设计，通过设计新产品或改进老产品，以满足人类需要的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸，形状和结构，研究产品的人员也必须详细了解这方面的制造，销售和使用等问题。进行各种机械设计工作的人员被通常称为设计人员或机器设计工程师。机械设计是一种创造性的工作。项目工程师不仅需要在工作中的创造力，而且还必须在机械制图，运动学，工程材料，材料力学，机械制造技术等方面具有深厚的基础知识。综上所述，机械设计目标是生产能够满足人类需要的产品。当然机械设计中，发现和技术知识本身不一定能带来对人类的好处，只有当他们被

45、施加在产品上时，才能产生产品上的好处。因此，要实现在一个特定的产品设计前，必须先进行确定人们是否真的需要这种产品必须把机械设计作为本机的设计人员进行使用创新能力的产品设计，系统的分析和制定产品制造技术的好机会。掌握该项目的基本知识要背诵一些数据和公式是比数量更为重要的。在一个良好的设计需求下，上述仅仅是服务数据和公式是不足以完全决定产品，。在另一方面，应当精确认真进行所有操作。例如，即使小数点的位置错了，也可能导致正确的设计转向错误。一个好的设计人员要敢于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适合，用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力，不能保证成功。对一

46、个有好的方法的人来说，-一个全新的设计，请求画面放弃很多。由于许多保守的人，做机械设计当然不是一件容易的事。一，机械设计师应该不断探索改进现有产品的方法，在这个过程中，要认真选择最初设计过程的确认原则，通过确认新的想法后，找出统一的。新设计本身发生很多缺陷可以有问题，并未能想到，只经过了这些缺陷和问题都解决了，才能体现新货进入市场的产品优势。因此，性能优越的产品诞生的同时，相应的风险也较高。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求使用全新的方法，没有必要仅仅为了其转换为使用新方法的目标。在设计初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分展示创造力，不是每一种约束。即使有过许多不切实际的想法，也可以在设计早期，即在规

47、划蓝图前得到纠正。只有这样，才不会停止了创新的思路。通常情况下，必须提出几套设计方案，然后进行比较。有可能非常多，其中最后指定的方案中，它接受采用一定不是计划中的一些想法。心理学家经常讨论的原因如何使人们适应性的操作他们的机器。设计人员的基本职责是努力使人机协调。这当然不是一件容易的工作，因为确实没有给所有的人说，其实都是最优越的操作区域和操作过程。另外一个重要的问题，项目工程师必须能够进行交流，并与其他有关人员咨询。在初始阶段，设计人员不得不进行交流和与管理人员的初步设计咨询，并获得批准。这通常是通过口头的交流，示意图和书写材料进行的。为了进行有效的交流，需要解决以下问题：（1）设计这个产品

48、是否真正需要它的人呢？是否有竞争力（2）不与其他公司的现有同类产品这款产品比较？（3）生产的这种产品不管是经济？（4）产品服务是否方便？（5）产品是否有售？是否会得到什么？仅必须能够产生正确的答案上述问题的时间。但是，在产品的设计，制造和销售只能在矣到，项目工程师也对上述问题的初步肯定答案的基础应通过细节图和装配图，进行咨询与制造分支最终的设计方案。通常，可以在制造过程中的一些问题。可能可以要求某些组件的大小或共同差异使得一些变化，使组件生产轻易改变。但是，在项目变更必须有设计人员授权，保证不会损害产品的功能通过。有时，在产品组装前，或在包装外运实验时才发现设计某种缺陷。这些实例确切地表明设计

49、是一个动态过程。总是有一个更好的方法来完成设计工作，设计人员必须不断努力应该，寻求这些更好的方法。最近一年，工程材料的选择已经出现重要的。另外，在选择过程应该是连续的材料的不断重新评估过程。这种新材料不断出现，但一些原始资料可以得到数量可能可以减少。对环境的污染，物资回收等方面的使用，工人的频繁健康和安全可以附加新的限制条件，材料的选择。为了减轻重量，或节省能量，可能可以请求使用不同的材料。来自国内和国际的竞争，产品的维修保养便利性要求的提高和客户的方面等反馈压力，可以促使人们进行的物质reappraises。因为当创建了产品责任诉讼材料不选择，已经产生了深刻的影响。此外，该材料和原料处理相互

50、依赖之间已经知道由人清楚。因此，为了能并保证在合理的成本质量的前提下，获得满意的结果，项目工程师，使工程师们都拥有认真仔细地选择，确定和使用的材料。使任何产品工作的所有的第一个步骤是设计。设计通常可以分为几个明确的阶段：（1）初步设计; （二）功能设计; （三）生产设计。在初步设计阶段，设计者着重考虑的产品应具有的功能。通常必须设想和考虑几个方案，然后决定这种思想是，是否可行;如果是可行的，那么应该做进一步的改进或几个计划。在这个阶段，仅必须考虑关于材料的选择的问题是：是否有性能以符合要求的材料是可能的可供选择;如果没有，是否有更大的保证，所有许可证的费用，并在限制的时间开发出一种新材料。在功