大学英语语法要点.pdf

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1、Grammar for College English Test重点语法结构重点语法结构语法结构部份分两项,一是选择一是选择, ,二是辨错二是辨错.涉及范围为:1.时态、 语态；2. 虚拟语气、条件句和情态动词；3.非谓语动词:不定式、动名词和分词；4.代词；5.形容词和副词；6.连词；7,主谓一致；8.倒装、词序等.l. 时态语态题时态语态题:第一要抓住句中的时间状语方面的信号词 .若是主从句,还要注意时态呼应,现在完成时,过去完成时,现在完成进行时,过去进行时,一般现在时的特殊用法,这些都要熟练掌握.2.虚拟语气虚拟语气:除了要了解三条基本公式外 .要注意错综条件句,省略汀的倒装词序,某些

2、动词、形容词、名词等某些句型要求虚拟语气,以及情态动词十原形动词和完成时的应用.3.非谓语动词非谓语动词:各自的作用,熟悉它们的时态和语态上的各种变化 .另外还要熟记那些动词后跟不定式,那些必须跟动名词,还要熟悉两者皆可用时的特殊意义,过去分词和现在分词作定语、表语,状语的区别；独立分词结构,分词作状语与主语的关系等.4.形容词和副词中的比较级形容词和副词中的比较级:比较的同类项:asas； the same as(to)；older 和 eider；farther 和 further；much 和 far, a great deal等修饰比较级和形容词、副词的词序及惯用法、句型等.5. 复合

3、句中用以引导各类从句的连词连词, ,关系代词及关系副词关系代词及关系副词从而分清从句所属,正确判断句型非常重要.6.强调句型强调句型:要求考生掌握其固定结构形式:”It is (was) + 被强调部分+ that + 句子其他部分”,去掉 It is和 that 句子主谓结构仍成立为强调句型,否则为主语从句.1Grammar for College English Test7.主谓一致主谓一致、倒装语序倒装语序等.I.I. 典型时态和特殊用法典型时态和特殊用法1. 一般现在时: (1)表示已经预先计划或安排好的肯定将要发生的动作.主要用于 be, come, go, start, begin

4、, 1eave, return, end, stop,open, take place 等瞬间动词瞬间动词.句中常有表示将来的时间状语.(2)在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中.表示将来的动作.如: The matchtakes place next Monday. / I will not go shopping, if it rains.2.现在进行时: (1)表示最近按计划或安排要做的事,往往有表示未来的时间状语. 能够这样用的动词有: arrive, come, leave, return,start,work,play,have等 .(2)与与always,always,consta

5、ntly,constantly,continually, forevercontinually, forever 等词连用等词连用, ,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在出表示反复发生的动作或持续存在出状态状态, ,往往带有说话人的感情色彩往往带有说话人的感情色彩. .(3)在时间、 条件从句中表示将来正在进行的动作.如:We are leaving on Friday. / He is constantlyleaving his things about. 他老是乱扔东西./ Don t interrupt himif he is reading.3. 现在完成时: (1)将来完成用法: 用于时间

6、、条件状语从句中,说明将来某时刻以前动作完成的情况 .(2)用在固定结构中:往往是在定语从句中. 如表示序数或最高级的时候如表示序数或最高级的时候ItIt s the first/second times the first/second timethatthat I I havehave comecome here.here.； It It s s thethe bestbest filmfilm I I havehave everever seen.seen.(3) must + 完成式”表示过去必定发生过的事情 ,是对发生在过去的一种行为的推测. “should (或 ought to)

7、 + 完成式”表示一个应该在过去做 ,而没有做的动作 ,它往往带有埋怨和后悔的情绪 .如: 1)2Grammar for College English TestI ll go with you as soon as I have finished my work. / It s (willbe) the first time I have been there.注:表示瞬间行为动词 come, join, finish, marry, return等不能和表示延续的时间状语连用 , 只能用连系动词加表语结构来代替 .例如:He has been back for over a week. (

8、 不能用 has come back)/ Ihave been in the army for three years. ( 不能用:have joined) since 自从以来；for 表示时间,从过去开始延续至今.它们都是现在完成时的典型信号词.句子中有表示过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last week, in 1990) 时,不能使用现在完成时要用过去时态.4. 现在完成进行时: 现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到现在,可能还要继续下去,通常与表示一段时间的状语连用.如:all the morning, for hours, since this mor

9、ningThey have been watching television for two hours. / He has beenwriting letters since this morning.5.过去完成时: (1)过去完成时,表示在过去某时刻或动作以前已经完成厂的动作 .即”过去的过去”.常用的信号词有 by(到时候为止), before 等介词短语或用 unless, when, after, once, as soon as等连词引起的表示到过去某时间为止的时间状语来表示.(2)这一时态常见于宾语从句或定语从句中.(3)过去完成时常用在no soonerno soonerth

10、anthan” ”, ,和和” ”hardlyhardlywhen (before)when (before)” ”等句型的主句中 ,从句中常用一般过去时.如:By the end of last year, I had worked in thiscollegefortenyears./Nosoonerhadhefinishedhis3Grammar for College English Testperformance than the audience began to cheer. (He had nosoonerthan)他刚表演完观众就喝采6.其它要注意的时态(1) be goin

11、g to口语中常用,表示最近打箅要做的事情; 根据某种迹象表明可能要发生的事情.如:What are you going to do this evening?/ Look at the cloud. It is going to rain.(2) 过去将来时 ,多见于主句谓语动词足一般过去时的宾语从句中.如:He said that he would get married soon.(3) 过去进行时主要用法之一是描述一件事发生的背景 ,往往在一个动作发生的过程中,突然发生第二个戏剧性的动作.第二个戏剧性动作为一般过去时,由 when 或 while 引出,意为”此时”.有二种句型:1)

12、Mybrother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself./ Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking. / Someoneknocked at the door while I was taking a shower. / Just as I wasopening the door, the telephone rang.2)如果两个动作都引人注目且同时发生,并没有一个比另一个更形象,更主要时,那么两个动作都可以用过去进行时. My husband was rea

13、ding while I was cooking.7. 有些动词以主动形式出现主动形式出现, ,却有被动含义却有被动含义 The knife cuts well./ Nylon underwear washes easily.尼龙内衣容易洗./ The novels written by the young man sell well. 那个年青人写的小说销路好./ This ball-pen writes in four colours.这支园珠笔可以写出四种颜色 ./ The note reads as follows”.4Grammar for College English Test字

14、条上写着:”8. 短语动词构成的被动语态中短语动词构成的被动语态中, ,介词或副词不可省略介词或副词不可省略 More schools and hospitals will be set up in the near future./ The old woman has been operated on.(这位老妇人已经动过了手术)/ The purse was picked up and handed to the police.此外,固定搭配固定搭配” ”动词动词+ +名词名词+ +介词介词” ”习语中习语中, ,介词也不能省掉介词也不能省掉. Timemust be made good

15、use of./ Less clever children should not bemade fun of.9. 如果宾补是不带 to 的不定式,在被动态中,主补的不定式必须带 to.如:His parents make him study hard. / He is made to study hard.10. 在在 want,want, need,need, desire,desire, requirerequire 和形容词和形容词 worth,worth, worthworth + + doingdoing后后 , , 动动 名名 词词 的的 主主 动动 形形 式式 表表 示示 被被

16、 动动 意意 义义 . . 如 :The house wantsrepairing./ Who needs looking after?/ The novel is worth readingtwice./ The point deserves mentioning.11. .表示将来时的还有表示将来时的还有: be about to / be to do / be on the point: be about to / be to do / be on the pointofof 等等.如:I was on the point of leaving, when the phone rang.

17、II.II. 虚拟语气虚拟语气1. 虚拟语气三大公式:与现在的事与现在的事实相反实相反条件句条件句IfIf 主语主语 + were + wereIfIf 主语主语 + v-ed + v-ed5主句主句主语主语 + should + should(would,could,might)(would,could,might)+ v+ v。 。 。Grammar for College English Test与过去事实与过去事实相反相反与将来事实与将来事实相反相反If +If + 主语主语 + had + had主语主语 + should (would, could, + should (would

18、, could,donedonemight) + have donemight) + have doneIf +If + 主语主语 + v-ed + v-edIf +If + 主语主语 + +主语主语 + should (would, could, + should (would, could,should doshould domight) + domight) + doIf +If + 主语主语 + were + wereto doto doIf John were here now, he would explain it. (= Were John herenow,.) / If yo

19、u had asked me earlier, I would have told you.(Had you asked me earlier, ) / If it rained tomorrow, I wouldstay at home. / If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.(= Should it rain) / If it were to rain tomorrow, I would stayat home. (= Were it to rain)2.有时条件从句和主句时态可以不一致,这叫混合条件虚拟语气 .如:If yo

20、u were in better health, we would have allowed you tojoin them in the work. 如果你身体好一些,我们就会让你参加他们一道干这工作了. If you had taken the medicine (表示与过去相反,即:”要是你当时吃了的话”), you would be well now (表示与现在相反,即:”你现在已好了”). 含意是:You didnt take the medicine, so you are notwell now.If the criminal were honest, he would hav

21、e confessed long ago./If the weather had been more favourable, the crops would be6Grammar for College English Testgrowing still Better.如果过去天气好一些,现在庄稼还会长得更好.3.3. 在动词在动词 If only, wish, would rather, as if (though)If only, wish, would rather, as if (though)后的句子后的句子中谓语动词要用虚拟结构中谓语动词要用虚拟结构. .If onlyIf onl

22、y与现在事与现在事Wish/Wish/wouldwouldratherrather/ / asasifif(though)(though)实相反实相反V-ed (beV-ed (be用用 were)were)与过去事与过去事实相反实相反had beenhad been如: If only (=I wish) I had not cheated in the examination. /I wish I were as strong as you. / I wish I remembered the address./ He wishes we would try again./I would

23、rather they cametomorrow./ He often talks as if he were my father./ He looks asif he had been ill.(But he has not been)4. 主语 + V. that 主语 + (should) do V V 主要有主要有: : 表示建议表示建议(propose, suggest, urge, advise, move,(propose, suggest, urge, advise, move,recommend),recommend), 要求要求(ask,(ask, require,requ

24、ire, request,request, demand,demand, insist,insist, desire,desire,maintain),maintain), 命令命令(command, order),(command, order), 安排安排(arrange),(arrange), 决定决定(resolve,(resolve,decide)decide)等等. .如:Isuggestwesetoffstraightaway. / The chairmanproposed that we should discuss the question. / Most studentsi

25、nsist that they should have more English lessons.5. 在在 It is (was) necessary,It is (was) necessary,essential, important, urgent,essential, important, urgent,7Grammar for College English Testnatural,natural, desired,desired, suggested,suggested, requested,requested, ordered,ordered, proposed,proposed

26、,desirable,desirable,advisable,advisable,strange,strange,a a pity/shamepity/shamethatthat主主 语语+ +(should) do(should) dolest, for fear that (lest, for fear that (以免以免) ) 也用也用 should + doshould + do It is important that theory (should) be closely combined withpractice. It has been decided that the mee

27、ting (should) be postponed tillnext Saturday. He hid himself lest he should be found.6.ItIt s (high, about) time that we did (were)s (high, about) time that we did (were)的句型中要用过的句型中要用过去时去时. . It is high time (that) we began to work.7.7. 倒装句型：倒装句型： Were it not for their help/Had they not helped Were

28、it not for their help/Had they not helpedus,us, we should have failed.8 8错综虚拟语气错综虚拟语气 ( (一半是真实情况，一半是真实情况， 一半是虚拟一半是虚拟) ) 标志词有标志词有 but,but,otherwiseotherwise He would gain weight butbut he doesn t eat enough. 他本应该增加体重，但他吃得不多。9 9 含蓄虚拟语气含蓄虚拟语气But forBut for the flood, we might have arrived earlier.We co

29、uld have done better underunder moremore favorablefavorable conditionsconditions.III.III. 情态动词情态动词1.needn t + 不定式完成式 :表示本来不必做而实际已经做的行为 .8Grammar for College English TestYou needn t have come over yourself. 你不必亲自来.2.could + have done 及其它 (1) could + have done 表示与事实相反 (2) might + have done 表示未实现的行为 (3

30、) needn t + have done 表示做了不该做的事情 (4) must + have done 表示对过去行为的肯定推测 (5) should + have done 表示该做而未做到的事 (6) should not + have done 表示做了不该做的事He could have helped me, buthe didn t. 他能帮助我,但他没有. /You might have done the work better.你本来可以把工作做得更好一些. / You needn t have come over yourself. 你本来不必亲自过/It must hav

31、e rained last night, for the ground is wet. / Theyshould have made a good job of it. 他们本来可把工作做好/ Youshould not have done such things. 你不该干出这种事情来.3.shall / should (ought to); will / would (1) shall 在疑问句中用于第一、三人称单复数表示征求意见、表示询问和请示.如:What shall I do now? / Shall we go for a walk?我们去散步好吗？/ Shall he come

32、tomorrow? 你要他明天来吗? (2) shal1 用于二、三人称可表示说话人给对方”命令”、”警告”、”允诺”、”威胁”等概念.作:”必须”、”可”、”该”解.如:You shall have the book as soon I finish it. ( 允诺) / He shalldo it, whether he wants to or not. 不管他愿意不愿意,他必须做这项工作.(命令) / You shall not leave to the others.你不可以将9Grammar for College English Test它留给其他人.(警告) (3) shoul

33、d除了表示”应当”,”该”解之外,还表示推测:作”可能”、 ”该”解. 还表示出乎意外, 居然 竟然.The book should be in the reading-room. / I never thought sheshould have done this. (4) will / would 1) 可用于各种人称表示”意愿”,”意志”和”决心”等.如: I will do my best.(决意)/ Let her do that, if she will.(意愿) 2) 表示习惯性动作”总是”,”惯于”. As soon as he gets home, he will (woul

34、d) turn on the radio. 3) 用于第三人称表示询问或请求. Will you say it again? 你能不能再说一遍.注: would 在表示意志或向对方请求时,语气比 will 婉转,指的是现在时.如:Would you please pass me the book?在日常生活中,I would like 和 I should like 都可以说.如: I should (would) like to have a look at your coat.4. 可以看作情态动词的短语 (1) used to + V 表示过去经常; 而 be used to doing

35、 表示习惯于 (2) had better + V 表示”最好是”、”不如”之意 (3) had rather + V than 和 would rather + V than 表示”宁10Grammar for College English Test肯不愿”之意. 如:We would / had rather die than yield. (4) cannot but + V表示”不得不”之意.如:Mary cannot but sing.IV.IV. 非谓语动词非谓语动词(一)不定式和动名词作主语1.不定式作主语的句型 (1) It is + N + to do (代不定式) (2)

36、 It takes sb. + some time + to do = sb. spend some time (in)doing (3) It is + Adj. + for sb. + to do (4) It is + Adj. + of sb. + to do句型(4)中常用的形容词有 kind, nice, considerate, thoughtful等.2.动名词作主语的句型(1)Doing + V如：Seeing is believing.(2)It is + no use, no good, a great fun, a real pleasure, aIt is + no

37、use, no good, a great fun, a real pleasure, awaste of time, a borewaste of time, a bore 等名词等名词 + doing + doing sth.如: It is a greatfun playing football./ It is a waste of time trying to explain.(3) There is no . + doing .(3) There is no . + doing . (there is no 表示”不可能”) 如：There is no tellingThere is

38、 no telling what he is going to do. 说出他要干什么是不可能的. / There is no sayingThere is no saying what may happen. 说出要发生什么是不可能的.3.不定式和动名词做主语的区别11Grammar for College English Test (1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作； 而不定式作主语表示具体动作.如：Smoking is prohibited here. (抽象) / It is not very good foryou to smoke so much. (具体) (2) 动名词作主语时

39、,通常表示一件已知的事或经验 ; 而不定式短语通常表示一件未完成的事或目的 .如: Driving a car during therush hour istiring. (经验) / To study abroad has long beenmy dream. （长久以来,出国念书一直是我的梦想.）(一件尚未完成的事情)(二)不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语1.不定式作定语 (1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系 He was the last one to leave school yesterday. (2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系 She has a lot of wo

40、rk to do in the morning. (3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语 ,要加上适当的介词,和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去. Ineedapento write with./ There is nothing to worryabout. (4)不定式修饰一些抽象名词,如:ability, decision, need,plan, promise, failure, wish 等. the first, second, last,only, best 等.如:His wish to buy a car came true./He is alwaysthe

41、first to come and the last to leave.2.分词作定语时有下面几个特点:12Grammar for College English Test (1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意. (2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态,或做完(完成)的事.如：The room facing south is our classroom.Have you got your watch repaired?3. 不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后； 现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分

42、词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前.如:1) Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?2) Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report inthe office?(三)不定式和动名词作宾语英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作直接宾语.但:1.有少数动词只能用不定式作宾语: V.1 + to + V.2(原形)afford 负担得起 hope 希望 pretend 假装 appear 似乎intend 企图 promise答应 arra

43、nge安排 like喜欢refuse 拒绝 attempt 试图 learn 学会 try 试图 decide 决定 long 渴望 want想要 desire欲得到 manage 设法wish 希望 expect 期望 mean 打算 fail 未能 offer 表示要 happen 碰巧 plan 计划2.有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语: V.1 + V.2-ingadmit 承认 imagine 想象 appreciate 赞赏,感激 mind 介意 avoid 避免,避开 miss 错过13Grammar for College English Testcomplete 完成postpo

44、ne 推迟,延期consider 考虑practice 实践,练习 delay 耽搁,延误 resist 忍住endure 忍受 risk 冒风险 enjoy 享之乐,喜爱 suggest建议 escape 逃跑 insist on 坚持excuse 原谅 give up 放弃 object to 反对 can t help 禁不住 put off 延期等 worth 值得 He admitted having made mistake. Would you consider going north this summer? They have finished their studying.

45、3.有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别 (1)forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做) forget doing 忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生) (2)stop to do 停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事 (3)remember to do 记住去做某事(未做) remember doing 记得做过某事(已做) (4)regret to do 对要做的事遗憾 regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔 (5)try to do 努力、企图做某事 . try doing 试验、试一试某种办法 (6)mean t

46、o do 打算,有意要 mean doing 意味着(7)like, love, hate, prefer + to do(7)like, love, hate, prefer + to do 表示具体行为表示具体行为14Grammar for College English Test like, love, hate, prefer doing like, love, hate, prefer doing 表示抽象、倾向表示抽象、倾向 行为行为 (8)need, require, want, deserve + to be V-ed (8)need, require, want, deser

47、ve + to be V-ed 或或 + V-ing, + V-ing,表示要表示要( (修、清理修、清理) )等意思等意思如： Don t forget to come tomorrow. (to come 动作未做)/ I shallnever forget seeing the Queen. / I don t regret telling her what I thought. (已讲过) / I regretto have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没办法.(未做但要做)(四)不定式和分词作状语1. 不定式作结果状

48、语(1) In 1935 he left home never to return.(2)so + 形容词(或副词) + as to The house is so high and narrow as to resemble(象) a tower.(3)such + 名词短语 + as to His indifference is such as to make one despaired.(4)only to)only to 竟然竟然( (表示与预料相反的结果表示与预料相反的结果) ) He studied hard only to fail in the exam.(5)形容词(或副词)

49、 + enough(副词) to 够,足以 The room is big enough to hold a hundred people.(注)enough 做形容词时,修饰名词,可置于该名词之前或之后. He has enough money (or money enough) for the trip.2.分词作状语: 分词和分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、 原因、 条件,让步、方式和伴随情况.在表示时间、原因、条件、让步和方式时,通15Grammar for College English Test常可转换为相应的状语从句 ,表示方式和伴随情况时可以转换为一个并列的谓语成份.Seein

50、gtheteacherenteringtheroom, thestudentsstoodup.Heated,icewillbechangedintowater.(Whenitisheated)(条件、时间)Being excited, I couldn t go to sleep. ( As I was excited,I couldn t go to sleep.) (原因)I stood there, listening to the broadcast. (伴随) .The children went away laughing.( They laughed as they wentaw