勘查学讲稿_勘查学2(矿床、矿体).ppt
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1、,矿床、矿体研究,矿产勘查学第二讲,(矿产勘查学第二、五章),要 目矿床和矿体研究的特殊意义矿床成因类型和工业类型矿床勘查类型矿体地质研究矿体变化性的数学表征,1. 矿床和矿体研究的特殊性,在矿产勘查过程中,矿床和矿体处于一种非常特殊的重要地位,既是矿产勘查的劳动对象, 也是矿床勘查的劳动成果。然而与通常的工农业生产不同,作为劳动对象在劳动过程中是处于一种灰色或黑色系统中,而且是变化的,勘查者必须具有掌握矿床矿体形成和分布的理论和知识指导每一步的勘查劳动;作为劳动成果,并不是仅仅发现矿床和矿体的存在,而是必须了解矿床矿体的各方面特征。 矿产勘查决不是“种豆得豆、种瓜得瓜”那么简单的事情。(一个
2、实例),Ernst HenryCu Au,Cu=184万吨、Au=90.18吨,一个巨大的矿体,Mount Isa 上部:Pb+Zn=1950万吨,Ag=24000吨,Mount Isa下部:Cu=841.5万吨、Au=25.5吨Hilton: Pb+Zn=774.2万吨、Ag=7399吨George Fisher: Pb+Zn=1765.5万吨、Ag=9951吨Century: Pb+Zn=1380.6万吨、Ag=4248吨Ernst Henry: Cu=184万吨、Au=90.18吨Osborne:Cu=72万吨、Au=36吨CanningtonPb+Zn=672万吨、Ag=23177吨,
3、Mount Isa地区地貌特征,在Mount Isa地区常见的 运矿 Road Train,1866年, Ernst Henry 就这一地区找矿,并找到了几处小的铜矿体;1974年,Savage Exploration Pty Ltd为寻找磁铁矿,获得了在Cloncurry地区北部和东北部的几个航磁异常的采矿租约, 因磁铁意不大, 勘查工作有限, 没有大的发现;80年代晚期在其南部发现了Selwyn和Osborne矿床(二者都是铁氧化物-铜-金型,而且都是与强磁异常有关),又重新激起了这一地区的找矿热情。19901991年,又在磁异常区做了瞬变电磁(TEM)测量,发现异常;1991年,在不连续
4、的中等大小TEM异常中施工的钻孔发现了铜和金矿化,为了指导钻探施工,随后的又进行了地面磁、重力和激电测量,证明效果较好,进一步勘查终发现了这一矿床。为什么多次勘查后才发现这么一个大型矿床?,IOCG矿床模式,2. 矿床成因类型和工业类型,1)矿床的成因类型2)矿床的工业类型,1)矿床的成因类型,按照矿床的形成作用和成因划分的矿床类型称为矿床成因型。矿床的成因分类反映了人类对矿床形成的原因及形成过程的认识程度,也是人类对矿床研究成果的高度概括。正确地制定矿床成因分类对了解成矿作用的本质、指导矿产勘查实践具有重要的意义。(找矿vs侦察破案)矿床的形成有三个最基本的因素:成矿物质及其来源、成矿环境及
5、成矿作用。(作用=动力学过程process)比较完整的矿床成因分类应该包含这三个最基本因素,其中成矿作用应该是矿床成因分类的主要依据。,思考: 金属矿床成作用的最本质特征是什么? 成矿作用与成岩作用有什么本质的区别?,Ore deposit environments,MagmaticCumulate deposits fractional crystallization processes can concentrate metals (Cr, Fe, Pt)Pegmatites late staged crystallization forms pegmatites and many res
6、idual elements are concentrated (Li, Ce, Be, Sn, and U)HydrothermalMagmatic fluid - directly associated with magmaPorphyries - Hot water heated by plutonSkarn hot water associated with contact metamorphismsExhalatives hot water flowing to surfaceEpigenetic hot water not directly associated with plut
7、on,SedimentaryPlacer weathering of primary mineralization and transport by streams (Gold, diamonds, other)Banded Iron Formations 90%+ of worldsiron tied up in these (more later)Evaporite deposits minerals like gypsum, halite deposited this wayLaterites leaching of rock leaves residual materials behi
8、nd (Al, Ni, Fe)Supergene reworking of primary ore deposits remobilizes metals (often over short distances),Ore deposit environments,Geochemical Traps,Similar to chemical sedimentary rocks must leach material into fluid, transport and deposit ions as mineralspH, redox, T changes and mixing of differe
9、nt fluids results in ore mineralizationCause metals to go from soluble to insolubleSulfide (reduced form of S) strongly binds metals many important metal ore minerals are sulfides!,Hydrothermal Ore Deposits,Thermal gradients induce convection of water leaching, redox rxns, and cooling create economi
10、c mineralization,矿床成因分类表 (P31),Placer uranium goldStratiform phosphateStratiform ironResidually enriched depositEvaporitesExhalative base metal sulphidesUnconfornity-associated uraniumStratabound clastic-hosted uranium, lead, copperVolcanic redbed copperMississippi Valley-type lead-zincUltramafic-ho
11、sted asbestosVein uraniumArsenide vein silver, uraniumLode Gold,Ore Deposit Types I,Clastic metasediment-hosted vein silver-lead-zincVein CopperVein-stockwork tin, tungstenPorphyry copper, gold, molybdenum, tungsten, tin, silverSkarn depositsGranitic pegmatitesKiruna/Olympic Dam-type iron, copper, u
12、ranium, gold, silverPeralkaline rock-associated rare metalsCarbonatite-associated depositsPrimary diamond depositsMafic intrusion-hosted titanium-ironMagmatic nickel-copper-platinum group elementsMafic/ultramafic-hosted chromite,Ore Deposit Types II,METM PROCESSES,Hydrothermal metamorphismChemical a
13、lteration caused when hot, ion-rich fluids, called hydrothermal solutions, circulate through fissures and cracks that develop in rockMost widespread along the axis of the mid-ocean ridge system, but also associated contact metamorphism around igneous intrusions at subduction zonesLow pressureHigh te
14、mperatureFluid activity,Active black smoker. Image credit: NOAA,Rocks that have been totally altered by hot (hydrothermal) fluids. Their original minerals are now completely replaced by other, different minerals, often much lighter in colour. Image credit: NOAA,Spilite = altered pillow lava,IGNEOUS
15、& METAMORPHIC PROCESSES,PEGMATITE DEPOSITSVEIN DEPOSITSDISSEMINATED DEPOSITSKIMBERLITE PIPES (diamonds),Many important accumulations of metals are produced by igneous processes CONCENTRATIONIgneous mineral resources can form from:Magmatic segregation separation of heavy minerals in a magma chamberCH
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