新概念英语第四册对托福及GRE写作的帮助汇总.docx

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1、新概念英语第四册对托福及GRE写作的帮助新概念英语第四册对托福及GRE写作的帮助 一、“破题”技巧 许多同学在写托福、GRE的作文时遇到的第一个问题是如何“破题”，面对作文题时，思路无法打开，不知道从何处下手。而新四的课文则供应了超群的“破题”范本。以第五课青年(Youth)为例，作者在探讨代沟问题、为年轻人辩护时，开篇就指明白问题的根本所在：Lets get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings-people just like their elders。 作者接着指明两者之间的差别就

2、是：年轻人前程似锦，而老年人一切辉煌都已成过眼云烟。这样，下文的论证就有了坚实的基础。我们在写作时，可以参考这种方法，在开篇把问题的根本所在讲明白，这样下文就有话可说，而且简单让人信服。新四中类似的“破题”方法还有许多，再比如24课美(beauty)：作为一个极其抽象的概念，“美”原委是什么原来就很难写清晰，而作者在第一段就给“美”下了奇妙的定义：美总会让人想到超越我们俗世的另外一个世界。在这个框架中探讨“美”，就可以有的放矢了。 二、论证技巧 托福、GRE的写作一般来说都是论说文。论说文首先要有自己的观点，这并不难做到，关键是如何用行之有效的论证技巧来证明自己观点的正确性。许多同学由于没有系

3、统驾驭论证技巧，所写托福、GRE的作文往往论证空洞，很难让批卷者信服。新四中的许多文章则为大家供应了多种论证技巧，我们选取其中的几个技巧来探讨。 1. 数字论证 这种论证技巧在其次课不要损害蜘蛛(spare that spider)中比较典型。这篇课文是要说明蜘蛛给人类带来的巨大好处，以此劝说人们不要损害蜘蛛。作者为了告知读者蜘蛛杀死害虫的数目巨大，用了一系列的数字，比如，一英亩的场地就有2，250，000只蜘蛛，相当于一个足球场就有6，000，000蜘蛛。1和2，250，000，1和6，000，000相比，读者一眼就能发觉蜘蛛的数量之多，就可以想象出每年蜘蛛将清除多少的害虫。 2. 比较论证

4、 我们还是用其次课为例。作者在第一段中将蜘蛛与鸟类和兽类做比较，指出：all of them(birds and beasts) put together kill only a fraction of the member destroyed by spiders. 这样就突出了蜘蛛在清除害虫方面的重要性。接着，作者又写道：Moreover， unlike some of the other insect eaters， spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings。看到此处，面对如此有百利而无一害的蜘蛛，读者当然不忍心再去损

5、害了，而作者的论证也就达到了目的。 3. “以退为进”法 这种技巧适用于驳论。作者先把要反对的与自己论点相对的论点摆出来，然后用事实来.这样就更能证明自己论点的正确性。我们以十九课话说梦的本质(The stuff of dreams)为例：作者首先提出大家习以为常的论点，即认为睡眠的作用是让身体休息，这符合读者的直觉，接着，作者用确凿的证据表明，身体休息并不是非得依靠睡眠。这样，读者在自己直觉上认为正确的论点被反对后，就易于接受作者下文论证的观点。 再比如十四课蝴蝶效应(The Butterfly Effect)，作者的论点是：再好的天气预报的预料性也不会超过七天。文中最有劝服力也是最精彩的论

6、证也是用的“以退为进”法：作者在其次段中先假设了一个最为精确的志向化的气象预报仪器设备，让读者感觉这种设备已经到达了极致，在理论上可以.者的论点。但是接着，作者还是用科学证据表明，即运用这种现实中不行能采纳的志向化仪器，依旧不能解决问题。这样，读者就没有任何理由不接受作者的观点了。 我们这里只是列举了几种论证技巧，大家通过新四的学习，会了解更多的论证技巧，比如第三十一课中的“先抑后扬”法，其次十八课的“例证极度例证”法等等。 三、修辞 前面两个部分我们都是探讨的宏观上的写作技巧，这部分探讨的是写作详细的遣词造句，即修辞。对于托福和GRE的写作，修辞是大家语言功底的展示。修辞包括词汇的运用，句式

7、的改变和修辞格的运用。我们下面从这三个部分来探讨新四课文与托福、GRE写作的关系。 1. 选词 新四词汇表上的新词基本上都是属于较高层次的单词，因此，驾驭新四的词汇自然能够让你在写作中体现出高水平的英语文字功底，而词汇的应用是任何英语写作的重要评分标准之一。 当然，并不是驾驭了大量的词汇就能够保证写作水准的提高，高质量的作文应当是在较大词汇量的基础上恰当地运用词汇。新概念四的课文几乎每一篇都体现出作者用词的精妙，我们在学习课文时，假如能够在记忆词汇的同时，细致体会课文中单词的选用，就能够在自己的写作中也尽量做到选词精当。 我们以第五课青年(Youth)为例，在课文第一段的最终一句话中出现了两个

8、future， 作者在这两个词前都要用“辉煌的”作定语，为了避开重复，作者在第一个future前用了glorious来修饰，在其次个future前则用splendid。再看下一句话：He may be conceited， ill-mannered， presumptuous， or fatuous， 。这句话中，作者一连串用的四个形容词恰倒好处，令人叫绝。 2. 句式的改变 许多同学认为托福和GRE中，只要一味写长句就可以显示自己的语言功底了，其实，这是一种对英语写作的误会。英语写作讲究多变，避开重复，词汇的运用如此，句式的选用也是如此。一方面，写作中必需要长短句相结合，在一连串的长句之后，

9、应当有意识地选用短句，短句短促有力，在论证中可以增加文章的语气。 另一方面，在运用长句时要避开只用一种句式。中国学生在写托福和GRE等考试的作文中，为了运用长句，常常反复地运用定语从句，这会令文章显得过于单调，拖泥带水，读来索然无味(这也是一位在中国执教英语写作多年的美国教授亲口对笔者说的感受)。要让作文充溢生气，就必需学会运用不同的长句句式，新四课文中有不少好的范例，大家在学习时可以细致体会，并运用到自己的写作中。比如，我们在二十四课中可以学到典型的排比句用法，在三十一课中作者则奇妙地运用了倒装句式，二十三课中的长句许多，大家可以细致体会作者是如何避开句式重复的。 3. 修辞格的运用 修辞格

10、的运用可以增加文章的生动性与可读性。托福、GRE写作的探讨表明，在考试中，恰当的修辞格运用可以极大地提高作文的层次。第十一课如何安度晚年(How to grow old)是修辞格运用的经典范例。作者在文中把人生比作河流(An individual human existence should be like a river)， small at first指的是人的儿童期，rushing passionately指的是人的青年期，boulders 和waterfalls则喻指人生中的坎坷，而become merged in the sea则是指死亡。某种程度上来说，正是这绝妙的比方使这段话成为

11、英语散文中的经典语段。修辞格除了比方以外还有拟人、夸张等等，这些都可以在我们课文中找到相应的例句。 研读经典范文，学习写作技巧是提高写作的有效方法，新四的课文在这方面是不行多得的好材料。本文只是从大体上介绍了新四中值得托福、GRE写作借鉴的几个方面，大家在详细的学习中肯定会有更多的收获。写作具有很强的实践性，一方面，同学们在学习新四时要有意识地揣摩文章的写作手法，借鉴写作技巧;另一方面，大家肯定要常动笔写文章，将自己的感悟在实践中运用，在不断的练笔中提高写作水平。 新概念英语优秀文章赏析 媒体购物 With the development of science and technology,

12、it is much more common for people to buy goods through different kinds of media than before. People can buy things such as computers and necklaces through TV, radio, the Internet, etc. Shopping through media is welcomed by most people due to various reasons. From the perspective of consumers, it can

13、 save time for people who dont have much spare time. For retailers, it can cut costs for those without much circulating funds. However, there are still some defects in shopping through media. First, compared with face-to-face deal, it seems less reliable and trustworthy. Second, people will lose the

14、 fun of bargaining. In my view, although shopping via media brings great convenience to us, we still should be brings great convenience to us, we still should be careful when we “go shopping” through media. We should check the information released by the media. Only in this way can we fully enjoy th

15、e convenience brought by media shopping without the concern of being cheated. 高校生活 When i was in high school, I had to study all the time and hardly had spare time to do what i wanted to.Besides, I had to focus on my textbooks and doing exercise again and again. Therefore, I had little time to read

16、magazines and novels and watch TV. what was worse, I couldn't play with my friends a lot, which I couldn't stand the most. In a word, all i did in high shool should be considered for the College Entrance Examination. However, my college life is totally different from the life in high school.

17、I can arrange my time freely. I spend most of my time reading in the library, where I can open my eyes and broaden my mind.In my free time, I also join some clubs,where i can make a lot of friends of different majors. My teachers in college are so kind and knowledgeable that they not only teach us k

18、nowledge but also how to be a person and how to get on with others. In addition, there are more opportunities for me to improve myself. I believe college life is an important stage in my life. In college, i can learn how to learn by myself, how to get on with others, how to live independently.Colleg

19、e provides me with a stage where i can show myself and be myself. 职业选择 One of the most important problems a young person faces is deciding what to do. There are some people, of course, who from the time they are six years old “know” that they want to be doctors or pilots or fire fighters, but the ma

20、jority of us do not get around to making a decision about an occupation or career until somebody or something forces us to face the problem. Choosing an occupation takes time, and there are a lot of things you have to think about as you try to decide what you would like to do. You may find that you

21、will have to take special courses to qualify for a particular kind of work, or you may find out that you will need to get actual work experience to gain enough knowledge to qualify for a particular job. Fortunately, there are a lot of people you can turn to for advice and help in making your decisio

22、n. At most schools, there are teachers who are professionally qualified to give you detailed information about job qualifications. And you can talk over your ideas with family members and friends who are always ready to listen and to offer suggestions. 新概念英语第四册多项选择题：Finding fossil man Multiple choic

23、e questions 多项选择题 Choose the correct answers to the following questions. Comprehension 理解 1，In illiterate societies, story-telling is a way of _. (a) teaching people how to write (b) allowing us to find out about things that happened 5,000 years ago (c) passing knowledge of the past from one generat

24、ion to another (d) preserving sagas recounted by story-tellers 2，It is extremely likely that ancient people _. (a) moved from one place to another (b) came from Indonesia (c have left us information about their migrations (d) preserved their sagas and legends 3，Anthropologists have been curious abou

25、t _. (a) how Indonesia came to be inhabited (b) how the Polynesian islands came to be inhabited (c) why the Polynesian people travelled from Indonesia (d) how the sagas told by ancient people were written 4，Though wood and skins rot away, anthropologists can learn a great deal from _. (a) materials

26、that are easy to shape (b) the bones of men who made tools (c) stones that do not decay (d) ancient tools made from stone Structure 句型 1，In some parts of the world people are still _ to write. (11.1-2) a.incapable b.impotent c.enable d.unable 2，They can preserve their history _ downlegends. (1.3) a.

27、by hand b.by handing c.to hand d.in hand 3，The _ why these legends are useful is that theytell us about migrations. (1.4) a.cause b.effect c.why d.reason 4，There weren't _ of them who could write down what they did.(1.5) a. any b. none c. no one d. noVocabulary词汇 1，The only way they can preserve

28、 their history is to _ stories. (11.2-3) a.tell b.make c.say d.recount 2，The people who lived long ago could not _ their history.(1.5) a.make b.know c.record d.note 3，Some sagas tell us about the _ of Polynesian peoples.(11.6-7) a.origin b.ancestors c.explanation d.legend 4，Tools made of stone, espe

29、cially flint, were made by _ (1.11) a.old men b.men who lived long ago c.men of old d.past men 新概念英语第四册多项选择题：Spare that spider Multiple choice questions 多项选择题 Choose the correct answers to the following questions. Comprehension 理解 1，Spiders are our friends because they _. a.are beneficial insects b.

30、destroy insects without hurting us in any way c.protect insect-eating animals d.include some of the greatest enemies of the human race 2，Birds and beasts _. a.eat as many insects as spiders b.eat more insects than spiders c.can't compare with spiders as destroyers of insects d.destroy a larger f

31、raction of insects than spiders 3，If spiders were insects, they would _. a.have eight legs b.have six legs c.be able to fly d.not destroy their own kind 4，Spiders are active in killing insects _. a.all the time b.for most of the year c.in the summer months d.for a minimum of six months of each year

32、Structure 句型 1，It would _ impossible for us to live in this world if insects had no enemies.(11.2-3) a.make it b.stay c.be d.have it 2，We owe _ to the birds and beast who eat insects.(1.4) a.a great deal b.a lot of c.a great many d.much of 3，How many spiders are involved _ this work on our behalf?(1

33、.9) a.at b.for c.in d.to 4，There are many different _ spiders.(1.11) a.sorts of b.kind of c.type of d.kinds Vocabulary 词汇 1，Spiders _ insects.(11.3-4) a.defend us from b.guard c.protect d.insure us against 2，You can see at a glance that spiders are not _ insects.(1.7) a.similar b.like to c.as d.the same as 3，Spiders are creatures with large _.(1.13) a.hunger b.appetites c.desires d.eating 4，Spiders like to eat more than _ a day.(1.13) a.three b.three time c.three times d.threes 新概念英语第四册对托福及GRE写作的帮助