托福写作提升文章逻辑性重在展开汇总.docx

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1、托福写作提升文章逻辑性重在展开托福写作提升文章逻辑性重在绽开 托福官方指南对写作绽开的要求一览 首先我们来看一下OG是如何要求well-developed的： .ave I done my best to support and develop my ideas? (有没有支持立场的分论点?) .o I include enough details in each paragraph so that the main idea and topic sentence are explained fully? (每段是否有很充分的细微环节支持分论点?) .o I use words and phr

2、ases that help the reader think about relationships between different ideas in the essay? (句与句之间是否有用逻辑连接词/短语?) 留意句子逻辑性是绽开关键 每个段落要做到很好的绽开，就要留意句与句之间的逻辑性。官方指南OGP中介绍了许多种绽开的方法，包括讲故事、举例子、说道理等等，同时补充了大量的逻辑连接词。同学们习惯于把逻辑连接词/短语事先打算好，平常练习或者考试时都先打出来再往里面僵硬地填充内容，以为可以骗过e-rater和考官。但在这些逻辑词下，我们往往会看到同学写出这样的内容：因为独生子女，所以

3、自私;因为科技和经济发展，所以压力大。 其实其次句和第一句之间并没有干脆的因果关系，其次句并不是对第一句的进一步论述，所以即便有示意逻辑关系的连接词/短语，内容上并非如此。也就是不符合评分标准中的渐进性(progression)。 在“因为独生子女，所以自私”的例子中，我们可以这样推理：独生子女(only-child)得到更多家人的关注(limelight)缺少付出的意识(less give, more take)自私(egoism);此外，独生子女缺少和兄弟姐妹的相处(interact with siblings)缺少共享的意识(share)自私。 这样的两条简洁逻辑链就可以推出“自私”的结

4、果。 如何提升托福写作绽开铺设逻辑链的实力? 对于提升托福写作中绽开逻辑链，小编建议大家结合托福写作机经中的主题句，在草稿纸上用中文关键词排列因果链，训练演绎推理的方法，反复追问因果关系(causality)是否成立。通过这种方式来训练自己的逻辑思维实力，进而逐步学会绽开的写作思路和方法。 托福考试作文独立写作范文：经济危机时政府削减支出 In times of an economic crisis, in which area should governments reduce its spending? 1. Arts 2. Scientific research 3. Parks and

5、 public gardens. 托福写作范文参考: During an economic crisis, governments face difficult choices of monetary allocation with reduced budgets. In this challenging time, it is of vital importance for policy-makers to recognize the effectiveness of policy-making on certain social services or programs such as a

6、rts, scientific research and park and public gardens. If a choice has to be made, in my opinion, the government should reduce its spending on arts. To begin with, in times of an economic crisis, it is significant for policy-makers to recognize the necessity of investing in scientific research becaus

7、e it exerts a far-reaching effect. If the financial crisis leads to substantial cuts in funding for scientific research by governments, it will be difficult to muster investment for a public good, like clean air, or for extremely risky initiatives, such as novel approaches to new antibiotic drugs, o

8、r in areas where the outcome is uncertain. As a matter of fact, technological innovation, biomedical breakthroughs, and tackling pressing environmental issues all require sustained scientific development, from basic discovery to final application. Investing in research is investing in the future, an

9、d it requires a long-term commitment to the accumulation of knowledge, the testing of basic principles, and the translation of these discoveries into practical applications that impact everyday life. Consequently, governments ought to attach more importance to the scientific studies so as to develop

10、 world class research base and conduct crucial scientific projects. Furthermore, funding for parks and public gardens provides an opportunity for people to engage in physical activities, which is considerably beneficial to health. Nowadays, due to the sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating diet, o

11、verweight and obesity are epidemic problems across the world, and related conditions are on the rise. A primary focus of attention is providing environment where people can be physically active. Parks offer such an opportunity. In addition, health studies have shown that people who do regular exerci

12、se get a range of benefits when they are in natural settings, like parks and public gardens. These benefits include reduced risk of premature death; reduced risk of heart disease, hypertension, cancer; improved maintenance of muscle strength; weight loss and favorable redistribution of body fat; imp

13、roved physical functioning. Therefore, when governments allocate fiscal spending on parks such as well-designed and well-maintained paths as well as attractive scenery, people can substantially improve their health and quality of life by doing moderate amounts of physical activity in their daily liv

14、es. Undeniably, if governments pay more attention to investment in art, people can enrich inner world as a diverse and productive cultural environment can provide the spirit and important intangible values. However, in times of crisis, people usually lay emphasis on basic needs instead of spiritual

15、needs. As a result, the importance of material comforts outweighs that of nourishment for the mind and it does not mean that peoples quality of life will be dramatically affected if governments cut budget on art and provide less financial support on art institutions. In a sense, it will not directly

16、 influence peoples life at least in a short term because people rarely need to satisfy their aesthetic needs everyday. Therefore, compared with scientific research and park and public gardens, art is least associated with peoples daily life and it needs less concern. From what has been discussed abo

17、ve, scientific studies serve the common interest of the entire human race and doing exercise in parks and public gardens constitutes an indispensable part of daily life. It is more applicable and reasonable to cut down spending on art in the times of an economic crisis. 托福考试作文独立写作范文：学习有限的课程对身心发展有用吗

18、In a word, studying only limited courses will be supportive for students physical and mental growth as well as their future careers. 2月27日: High school students are required to study many different subjects at same time or they should study only three or four subject at a time, which do you agree? 范

19、文参考一: As for me, studying only three or four subjects appears to be a better choice and the listed reasons and examples will support what I believe. To begin with, current young students have been under enormous pressure, doing great harm to their growth, and there is no need to impose too much pres

20、sure on them. To be more specific, to strengthen students future competitiveness in the society, most schools have expected to forge students various capacities since they were young by arranging a huge number of curriculums. What an ordinary high school student has to experience in his one-day scho

21、ol life can demonstrate how depressed and exhausted present high school students are. Getting up as early as 6AM has become common in recent two decades. Afterwards, a whole-day study will include various compulsory and optional courses like Mathematics that leads to intellectual stimulation or Hist

22、ory that demands students to attempt to memorize historic events and relative effects as many as possible. When class is over, it is still far away from ending one-day study since lots of assignments such as the short essays or scientific researches need to be finished. Evidently, students suffer fr

23、om the huge pressure from study, leading many of them to wear glasses at a young age and to be drained physically and mentally everyday. Thus, students are not supposed to be ordered to study many courses at a time. To be followed, the inadequacy of enough leisure time will contribute students to ha

24、ve no chances to engage in what they interested in. High school students are still involved in an age during which they should exploit their own interests to decide which area they will choose when going to college in their near future. However, like I mentioned in the previous statement, to meet th

25、e requirements set by school; students have no option but to immerse themselves in a number of assignments and the freedom to pursue their own hobbies has been deprived. It is known to all that interest plays a leading role in assisting people to choose their future career and a recent released stat

26、istic in a survey conducted by Beijing Human Resource General Bureau indicates that approximately 67 percent of college undergraduates switch their professions from their major-related areas to what they are truly interested in their third year after graduation. In addition, many of the respondents

27、claim that they are not satisfied with the current educational system, requiring students to study a wide range of curriculums, because it entirely downplays the importance of cultivating students hobbies and they believe that the earlier students can discover their interest, the more setbacks they

28、can avoid when choosing future majors in the university and upcoming professors after graduation. A friend I know named Andy refused to become a mechanical engineer since he was bored to stay in the office building and finally chose to become a teacher in a educational institute since he can apply h

29、is passion and extrovert personality into the profession. Accordingly, student should be given more opportunities to develop their own hobbies to explore what they love. 写作参考二: Do you agree or disagree high-school students are required to study many different subjects at same time or they should stu

30、dy only three or four subjects at a time. Teenagers are in the prime time of their life. What they learn in this period is a huge factor in determining their whole life. To make better use of this valuable time, some educators advocate that students are supposed to study as many subjects as possible

31、 at a time. However, I dont think it is a smart move. Instead, studying three or four subjects at a time would serve them better. To begin with, only three or four subjects at a time ensure that students have enough time and energy to make further research in each of these fields. It allows them to

32、bite deeply into these subjects, thus gaining the whole picture of a certain field in their mind rather than just a smattering of knowledge. It is not hard to imagine what they would suffer when they have too many things in their plate. They would find themselves wrestling with complex chemical form

33、ulas, intertwined history events and distinctions between invertebrates and amphibians on the same very day. In consequence, they would end up with spreading themselves too thin and cannot gain a deeper understanding in any of the fields. Besides, when students are allowed to choose three or four su

34、bjects at a time based on their own interest, they would performer better without under a huge amount of mental pressure. As an old saying goes, interest is the best teacher. When what they learn really appeal to them, they are more keen on their school work. On the contrary, if they are forced to l

35、earn too many subjects at a time, chances are that they not only cannot be guaranteed with good grade but also get upset and frustrated. Things may get even worse when they find some of these subjects are extremely bothersome and annoying. I have experienced the suffering. When I was in high school,

36、 history was the most difficult one for me. Those intertwined history events, exact dates of those events, and various complex names of important figures involved in them just drove me crazy. When the finals were just around the corner, I always burnt mid-night oil to hit history books, feeling so t

37、ense and stressed up. So only when students spend their time on just three or four subjects that truly attractive to them can they get good grade on each subject and enjoy their high-school time happily. What cannot be denied is that there are such versatile brainiacs who can handle with so many sub

38、jects at the same time without any difficulty. However, only a small fraction of students are in this line. For most of the students in high school, three or four subjects at a time are more acceptable and effective for their study. To sum up, I am on the board with the idea that students will benefit more from taking just three or four subjects at a time. 英语写作