托福阅读中的推断题到底推理什么精选.docx
《托福阅读中的推断题到底推理什么精选.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《托福阅读中的推断题到底推理什么精选.docx(23页珍藏版)》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。
1、托福阅读中的推断题到底推理什么托福阅读中的推断题究竟推理什么? 在托福阅读考试当中,推断题学生的错误率往往比较高,纷纷表示把握不住考试的重点。因此,首先我们要了解,推断题究竟要求我们推断什么?解决这个问题,有助于我们理解推断题的考点和考试思路。 推断是基于证据的猜想,它要求读者基于作者在文章中供应的信息推断出文章中未明显的内容。 依据这个定义,我们知道推断至少有两个过程: 首先,须要基于证据,也就是阅读原文。 其次,才是推断。 一般来说,推断题要求推断出文章中未明显的内容,其中包括三个方面: 1)文章和段落的主题和主旨; 2)作者的看法和目的; 3)文章中相应信息的发展和作用; 举例说明: 1
2、)文章和段落的主题和主旨; The organization of the passage can best be described as A. the presentation of an argument followed by the evidence for and against it B. a description of a phenomenon followed by several possible theories about how it develops C. the definition of a psychological term followed by a h
3、istory of its usage D. an explanation of a process followed by a discussion of its practical applications 这题比较典型,干脆问段落的主旨。答案显示,A是呈现观点,B是描述现象,C是下定义,D是说明过程。因此,段落的主旨结构,是推断题的重要考点之一。 2)作者的看法和目的; In paragraph 6, the author compares the energy costs of vigorous begging with the potential gain in calories f
4、rom such begging in order to A. explain why begging for food vigorously can lead to faster growth and increased size B. explain how begging vigorously can increase an individuals chance of propagating its own genes C. point out a weakness in a possible explanation for why nestlings do not always beg
5、 vigorously D. argue that the benefits of vigorous begging outweigh any possible disadvantages 这题,题干中问作者比较信息A和B(compare.with.)的目的,compares the energy costs of vigorous begging with the potential gain in calories from such begging,答案显示,A是说明结果;B是说明趋势,C是指出缘由,D是比较结果,可见是干脆为了原文“观点“服务。题目又回到了对于文章主旨和观点的阅读范畴。
6、 3)文章中相应信息的发展和作用; Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about the Volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.? A. They were more frequent than historians once thought. B. They may have done more damage to Teotihuacn than to neighboring centers. C. They may have play
7、ed a major role in the rise of Teotihuacn. D. They increased the need for extensive irrigation in the Teotihuacn Valley. 这题,题干问某个信息,the Volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.的推断,答案显示,A是频率,B是损害,C是作用,D增加了某种需求,都是某个信息的发展或者是作用。 依据上述分类,了解了推断题究竟要求我们推断的内容,接下来我们就可以进行详细做题层面的操作啦。 怎样搞定托福阅读推理题? 首先,
8、我们看一下推理题的提问方式: Which of the following can be inferred about X? The author of the passage implies that X Which of the following can be inferred from passage 1 about X? 托福阅读中的推理题都有以上固定的提问方式,我们在练习中通常可以从下面的两种思路中来思索答题 一. 正向推理 正向推理的意思就是答案所描述的内容和文章所描述到内容是一样的,我们也可以把它看成“整体与部分推理”。我们来看下面的例题 例1: Another major d
9、iscovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but th
10、ey included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigi
11、al, hind legs. It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations A. On land B. Both on land and at sea C. In shallow water D. In a marine environment 题目问的是“可以推理出Basilosaurus 在以下哪个地点繁殖并抚育后代的”,文章里有提到bred and gave birth(繁殖和抚育后代) 之类的词吗?没有。依据这一段最终一句话,Basilosauru
12、s was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.(Basilosaurus 毫无疑问是纯粹的海洋鲸类,可能后腿退化了),那就意味着Basilosaurus一辈子都是在海里,因此我们推理出Basilosaurus繁殖和抚育后代在海洋里,答案选D. 这就是推理题的一种推理思路,文章中讲的是“整体(a fully marine whale)”,题目问的是“部分(bred and gave birth)”,部分具有的特征应当和整体的特征是一样的。 例2: Even t
13、he kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the numbe
14、r of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stabilityjust the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more li
15、kely than a simple system to break down. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests? A. They become less stable as they mature. B. They support many species when they reach climax. C. They are found in temperate zones. D. They have reduced diversity during mid-succ
16、essional stages. 题目问的是,以下可以推理出关于redwood forests(红木林)什么,我们首先回到文章去找到redwood forests那句话,Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. (例如,一旦红木林成熟,物种的数量和单个物种的数量就会削减)。我们看到一个词组for example,这就说明这句话是在举例,这个例子是为了论证前面所提到的观
17、点。往前看,At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. (至少在温带地区,最大的多样性通常被发觉在中间演替阶段,而不是顶级阶段),所以答案选C。前面一句说至少在温带地区, 后面一句举例说,比如红木林,所以可以推出红木林是在温带地区。(假如红木林不在温带地区,这个例子就没法支持前面的观点) 托福学习,真题与TPO的分析 本文以2015年3次托福考试(1月25日,2月1日,和3月7日)为分析样本。特别值得留
18、意的是阅读和听力,尤其是阅读。 我跟踪了上百次的托福考试内容,共同的感受:做托福真题阅读和TPO阅读,差异特别大。 1. 托福真题阅读VS TPO阅读 2. 托福阅读词汇学习的核心要求:不能脱离语境死背 3. 英语阅读学习的七大核心要素 4. 真题范文及题目解析 5. 范文词汇复习 6. 范文学问点复习 这个分析报告,我是从这六个模块起先绽开的 第一点:托福真题阅读VS TPO阅读 A. 真题句型更多样 (1) 并列句Greek philosophers pondered the meaning of nature and its innermost workings ,the relatio
19、nships between animals and humankind ,and how matter related to spirit. (2) 同位语结构The philosophy of Aristotle (384-322B.C.) advanced the fundamental notion of nature as the embodiment of everything outside culture ,an essence opposed to art and artificiality. (3) 插入语和标点符号做说明说明Meanwhile,the suggestion
20、 of a state of nature ,wholesome and pure,defined in opposition to civilized life,found acceptance in Aristoles time through the concept of the Golden Age-a legendary ideal that had significance for landscape planning and artistic experiment. (4) 状语结构的运用Described by Greek poets and playwrights ,the
21、Golden Age of perpetual spring depicted an era before the adoption of agriculture ,when humans embraced natures wonder and communicated with spirits in sacred woods. (5) 干脆引语的运用As the Roman official and writer Pliny the Elder (A.D. 23-79) put it “Trees were the first temples of the gods, and even no
22、w simple country people dedicated a tree of exceptional height to a god with the ritual of olden times, and weworship forests and the very silences they contain.” (6) 转折结构的运用One could not visit a symbol of peace and serenity, but one could experience these qualities in a sacred grove. 对这3次考试的9篇阅读文章做
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 托福 阅读 中的 推断 到底 推理 什么 精选
限制150内