剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析精选.docx

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1、剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析(test4)剑桥雅思阅读4原文解析(test4)Question 1答案：TRUE关键词：record,1900定位原文：第1段第1句“Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are

2、 able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space.”解题思路：“自从20世纪早期国际田联起先记录成果以来”，题干说现代官方运动员记录始于大约1900年。因此答案为TRUE。Question 2答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：before the twen?tieth century定位原文：第1段第1句“Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping r

3、ecords, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space.”解题思路：很明显体感说的与原文说的相反，故答案为FALSE。Question 3答案：FALSE关键词：burst of energy定位原文：第1段第2-3句“For the so-called powerIn the endurance eve

4、nts the results have been more dramatic.”解题思路：体感说运动员的成果提高幅度最大的项目是须要爆发力强的项目，而原文说的是在长久项目中，运动成果提高得更多。故答案为FALSE。Question 4答案：FALSE关键词：genetics定位原文：第3段第1-2句“Identifying genetically talented individuals is only the first step. Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State Uni

5、versity at Fullerton, maintains that 'genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do.”解题思路：题干说的是基因在运动员的表现上起完全充分的作用。而文中说的很明显是只有也许三分之一的确定因素。故正确答案为FALSE。Question 5答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：parents of top athletes定位原文：无解题思路：题干中说顶尖运动员的父母通常也是很胜利的运动员。而文中并未提到。Question 6答案：TRUE关键词：gifted athlet

6、es, younger age定位原文：第2段第3句“Over the past century, the composition of be identified early.”解题思路：题干中说运动不断提升的国际重要性意味着有天分的运动员有可能被发觉的更早。定位句中最终也说道因此现在比以往更有可能尽早发觉那些独具运动员基因的个体。故正确答案是TRUE。Question 7答案：genetics关键词：American runners定位原文：第3段第4句“Yessis believes that U.S. runners, despite their impressive achievem

7、ents, are 'running on their genetics.”解题思路：依据大写字母American runners定位到原文第3段第4句，可知答案为genetics。Question 8答案：power关键词：former Soviet Union定位原文：第3段最终一句“These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in th

8、e former Soviet Union.”解题思路：据大写字母former Soviet Union定位到原文第3段最终1句，原文的表述是前苏联领先应用plyometrics来训练运动员，结合第4段首句：plyometrics focuses on increasing power，因此答案为power。Question 9答案：injuries关键词：inadequate diet定位原文：第5段最终1句“Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injurie

9、s.”解题思路：依据inadequate diet定位到原文第5段最终l句，该段主要讲养分方面对于运动员得到影响。最终一句明确指出，.deficiency in trace mineral can lead to injuries，因此答案为injuries。Question 10答案：training关键词：key, setting定位原文：第6段第1句“Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken.”解题思路：依据题目依次在原文第6段中找到答案及第2句，即打破记录的关键因素为training。

10、Question 11答案：A关键词：Biomechanics films定位原文：第7段第2句至第4句“A biomechanic films an athletehigh jumpers.”解题思路：此题依据专出名词Biomechanics films定位到原文第7段，这一段倒数第2句说到Dapena用这些方法帮助跳髙运动员。故正确答案为A。Question 12答案：D关键词：Biomechanics specialists/Fosbury flop定位原文：第8段第2句至第4句“For example, during the 1968 own mathematical simulati

11、ons.”解题思路：此题依据4个选项中共有的大写字母词汇Fosbury flop快速定位到原文第8段第2句至第4句，原文的表述是：生物力学专家后来对他的方法进行了分析，并理解了这一方法。答案为D。Question 13答案：B关键词：John S. Raglin定位原文：最终1段第2句及第3句“'Once you study athletics, our understanding in many cases is fundamental.”解题思路：原文的表述是：印第安纳高校的运动心理学家John S. Raglin说：“核心表现不是更高，更快，更强这一简洁或者平凡的事。有许多的变数

12、进人这一方程式，我们对许多案例的理解都是最基本(fundamental)的。我们还有很长的路要走。”因此答案为B。Question 14答案：YES关键词：creativity, investigative work定位原文：第1段第1句“Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination.”解题思路：题目说考古学既包括

13、创新也包括仔细的分析调査工作。原文：考古学部分是对过去财宝的发觉，部分是科学分析的严谨工作，部分是创建性想像的练习，因此答案为TURE。Question 15答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：ancient languages定位原文：无解题思路：题目说考古学家必需能够翻译古代语言文本。原文没有提及题目的内容，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。Question 16答案：NO关键词：movies定位原文：第2段最终一句“However far from reality such portrayals are, they capture the essential truth that archaeo

14、logy is an exciting questthe quest for knowledge about ourselves and our past.”解题思路：题目说电影为考古学家的工作供应了真实的画面。原文的表述是：相反，这些描述(指上句所说的电影)和现实差距甚远(far from reality such portrayals are)，因此很明显答案应为FALSE。Question 17答案：YES关键词：anthropolo?gist定位原文：第4段第1句至第3句“Anthropology, at its broadest, from other societies.”解题思路

15、：题目说人类学家从不止一个角度来定义文化。而文中恰好从广义和狭义来定义文化，故正确答案为TRUE。Question 18答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：anthropology定位原文：无解题思路：题目说考古学比人类学要求更加苛刻。原文当中没有提到题目中的内容，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。Question 19答案：NO关键词：Europe, 3,000 BC定位原文：第8段最终一句“Conventional historical sources begin only with the introduction of written records around 3,000 BC in we

16、stern Asia, and much later in most other parts of the world.”解题思路：题目说的是欧洲的历史自公元前3000年就有记录了。原文中的表述是传统的历史始于公元前3000左右西亚的文字记载，而世界的其他大多数地区的历史要比这晚许多。因此答案为FALSE。Question 20-21答案：DE (IN EITHER ORDER)关键词：anthropology定位原文：第4段最终1句“Anthropology is thus a broad discipline so broad that it is generally broken dow

17、n into three smaller disciplines: physical anthropology, cultural anthropology and archaeology.”第5段首句“Physical anthropology, or biological anthropology as it is also called, concerns the study of human biological or physical characteristics and how they evolved.”解题思路：该题的要求是从AE五个选项中选出文中提到的两个关于人类学的陈述。

18、依据文章结构分別在第4段最终1句及第5段首句找到答案即选项D和E。Question 22-23答案：CD (IN EITHER ORDER)关键词：tasks/archaeologist定位原文：第7段解题思路：该题的要求是从A-E五个选项中选出文中提到的两个考古学家的任务。依据文章结构可以在原文第7段当中找到答案，分别为选项C及选项D。Question 24答案：oral histories关键词：written records/equally valuable定位原文：原文倒数第2段最终1句“ but in no way lessens the importance of the usef

19、ul information contained in oral histories.”解题思路：这句话中和written records形成对应的只有原文倒数第2段最终一句中的oral histories词组。Question 25-26答案：humanistic study/historical discipline关键词：archaeology定位原文：最终1段第1句“Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study, and since it deals wi

20、th the human past, it is a historical discipline.”解题思路：依据定位信息可知，答案为humanistic study或historical discipline。Question 27答案：scientist关键词：compare/style定位原文：最终1段倒数第2句“In this respect, the practice of the archaeologist is rather like that of the scientist, who collects data, conducts experiments, formulate

21、s a hypothesis, tests the hypothesis against more data, and then, in conclusion, devises a model that seems best to summarise the pattern observed in the data.”解题思路：原文最终1段倒数第2句很明显的告知我们，被作者用来和考古学家进行比较的只有一种人即科学家。因此答案为scientist。Question 28答案：iv关键词：无定位原文：section A解题思路：文中说到在经济发达的社会，每一个卫生系统都须要做出确定：在卫生保健方面

22、投入资源应占社会全部资源的多大比例什么形式的治疗是最节约成本的?由此可见原文首段均在围绕发达国家共同面对的问题进行阐述，所以答案为选项iv。Question 29答案：i关键词：无定位原文：Section C 第1句“However, at exactly the same time as this new realisation of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies:

23、 that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life.”解题思路：首句的主要意思是：然而，就在这种认为卫生资源是有限的新思想无影无踪的同时，一种相反的思想在西方社会发展起来了。这种思想认为享受卫生保健是人们的一项基本权利(basic right)，而这种权利是人们正常生活的必要条件。直到该段末句，都在阐述医疗和人权的关系问题，因此答案为选项i。Question 30答案：iii关键词：无定位原文：Section D 第2句“It is also accepte

24、d that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate heath-care resources are provided out of the public purse.”解题思路：该段第2句的表述是：还有一个观点也是被普遍接受的：这种权利使得国家有义务有责任确保从公共预算中划拨足够的资金供应卫生服务。该段由此直到末句都在阐述国家在保障医疗服务中的应担当的义务及扮演的角色，因此答案为选项iii。Question 31答案：v关键词：无定位原文：Section E 第2句“T

25、he second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distribution of heath-care resources stem from the dramatic rise in heath costs in most OECD countries”解题思路：该段第2句的表述为：大多数经合发展组织的国家的卫生费用急剧增加，这再一次引发了一系列变更，使人们起先关注医疗卫生资源的安排问题。下面内容均是针对该句所举的详细例子及这一系列变更带来的结果或影响，因此答案为选项v。

26、Question 32答案：B关键词：resources/limited定位原文：Section B第2句至第4句“Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s, 'limits to growth'”解题思路：题目说人们意识到医疗资源是有限的。原文中“在20世纪50年头和60年头，西方社会出现了一种意识：化石燃料能源的供应资源是有限的，换句话说，我们起先意识到一个自不待言的事实，就是增长是有限制的。”因此答案为B。Question 33答案：B关键词：rise/cost定位原文：Section E 第2句“The second set of more specif

27、ic changesconsumers of health-care resources.”解题思路：题目说医疗保健费用的急剧上涨。原文“大规模的人口数量及社会的改变导致大多数经济合作发展组织的国家的卫生费用急剧增加，这再一次引发了一系列变更，使人们起先关注医疗卫生资源的安排问题。”结合例子当中的时间，得出答案即选项B。Question 34答案：A关键词：belief/economic growth定位原文：Section B最终一句“Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems

28、 that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, . ”解题思路：题目中说到一种观点：经济的增长能够产生全部人们所需的医疗资源。原文“回溯起来，有一个观点现在看来不行思议：在1939年到1945年的世界大战结束后的几年内，许多国家建立了国民卫生体系，人们认为这样的国民卫生体系至少在理论上能够满意任何人群的全部基础卫生需求，经济增长中看不见的手将供应一切所需”因此答案为A。Question 35答案：B关键词：guaranteeing/provision定位原文：Sectio

29、n D第2句及第3句“It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse. The state has no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that such a system is provided.”解题思路：题目的意

30、思是接受国家在供应医疗保障中的角色。原文“还有一个观点也是被普遍接受的：这种权利使得国家有义务有责任确保从公共预算中划拨足够的资金供应卫生服务。国家本身没有义务去建立卫生健康体系，但是有义务去保证这样一个体系的存在。”结合该段首句中的时间1970s，答案为选项B。Question 36答案：NO关键词：Personal liberty定位原文：Section C最终两句“People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken

31、, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within a context of law and order. In the same way, basic health-care is a condition of the exercise of autonomy.”解题思路：文中说到假如为贫困而苦恼，或者被剥夺了基础教化，或者没有生活在法律法规的框架下，那么人们就不能拥有个人自由，自主行事。同样，基础卫生保健也是人实现自由的一个条件。很明显个人自由和医疗保健是亲密相关的，因此答案为NO。Question 37答案：YES关键词：rig

32、ht, limits定位原文：Section C第1句“However, at exactly the same time as this new realisation of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a prop

33、er human life.”解题思路：原文表达的意思是：就在人们起先了解到医疗资源是有限的同时，一种相反的思想在西方社会发展起来了。这种思想认为享受卫生保健是人们的一项基本权利，而种权利是人们正常生活的必要条件。原文和题目的表述一样，因此答案为YES。Question 38答案：YES关键词：OECD countries定位原文：Section E第2句“The second set of more specific changesconsumers of health-care resources.”解题思路：文中说到大规模的人口数量及社会的改变导致大多数经济合作发展组织的国家的卫生费用急

34、剧增加，这再一次引发了一系列变更，使人们起先关注医疗卫生资源的安排问题。与题干中说的“近年来，OECD国家人口数量的变更对医疗费用产生了影响”一样，故答案为YES。Question 39答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：OECD government定位原文：Section E解题思路：题干中说OECD国家的政府始终低估了医疗供应的需求程度。依据大写字母词汇OECD定位到原文E段，该段没有提到题目中的内容，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。Question 40答案：GIVEN关键词：Economically developed countries, elderly定位原文：E段解题思路：题干中说在

35、大多数经济发达国家，老年人将不得不为他们的将来医疗做一些特别的打算。原文中E段提到了elderly people，但是没有提到题目中的内容，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。剑桥雅思阅读4原文参考译文(test4)Passage1参考译文How much higher? How much faster?Limits to human sporting performance are not yet in sight多高?多快?人类的运动极限没有终点Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athle

36、tic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space. For the so-called power events that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, l

37、ike the 100-metre sprint and the long jump times and distances have improved ten to twenty per cent. In the endurance events the results have been more dramatic. At the 1908 Olympics, John Hayes of the U.S. team ran a marathon in a time of 2:55:18. In 1999, Moroccos Khalid Khannouchi set a new world

38、 record of 2:05:42, almost thirty per cent faster.自从20世纪早期国际田联起先记录成果以来，运动员奔跑的速度，跳的高度，投掷重物的距离都在稳步提髙。在那些须要爆发力的项目，比如100米跑和跳远项目中，时间和距离都提高了10%-20%。在耐力项目中，运动成果提高得更多。1908年的奥运会上，美国队的约翰?海因跑出了2小时55分18秒的马拉松成果。在1999年，摩洛哥的选手海耶斯以2小时05分42秒的成果创建了新的世界记录，几乎提高了30%。No one theory can explain improvements in performance,

39、 but the most important factor has been genetics. The athlete must choose his parents carefully, says Jesus Dapena, a sports scientist at Indiana University, invoking an oftcited adage. Over the past century, the composition of the human gene pool has not changed appreciably, but with increasing glo

40、bal participation in athletics and greater rewards to tempt athletes it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early. Was there someone like sprinter Michael Johnson in the 1920s? Dapena asks. Im sure there was, but his ta

41、lent was probably never realised.没有任何一个人的理论可以说明成果的提高，但是最重要的因素是基因。印第安纳高校的运动科学家Jesus Dapena援引一常用谚语说“运动员必需当心选择自己的父母。”在过去的一个世纪里，人类基因库的成分并没有显著地改变，只是全世界有越来越多的人参加了这项运动，诱惑运动员提髙成果的物质嘉奖也越来越多，因此现在比以往更有可能尽早发觉那些独具运动员基因的个体。Dapena问道：“在20世纪20年头，能找到像短跑运动员迈克?杰克逊一样的人吗?我敢确定是能的，只是人们从未意识到他身上具有的才能。”Identifying genetically

42、 talented individuals is only the first step. Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University at Fullerton, maintains that genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do. But with the right training we can go much further with that one third

43、 than weve been going. Yessis believes that U.S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are running on their genetics. By applying more scientific methods, theyre going to go much faster. These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as

44、well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.识别基因优秀的个体只是第一步。加州高校FuUerton分校的运动科学系的退休教授Michael Yessis认为基因在运动员的表现上只起三分之一的作用。但是，辅以正确的训练，我们可以做得更好。他认为美国的赛跑选手尽管已取得了众多骄人成果，但他们是“靠他们的基因在跑”。通过运用更多的科学训练方法，“他们将跑得更快”。这些方法包括力气训练。这些训练再现运动员在竞赛中的动作，并应用了前苏联首先运用的一种训练技巧增加式训练模式。Whereas most exerc

45、ises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power the rate at which an athlete can expend energy. When a sprinter runs, Yessis explains, her foot stays in contact with the ground for just under a tenth of a second, half of which is devoted to landing and th

46、e other half to pushing off. Plyometric exercises help athletes make the best use of this brief interval.虽然绝大多数的训练用来提高力气或者长久性，增加式训练注意提高力即运动员运用能量的速度。Yessis说明到，在一个短跑运动员跑步时，她的脚和地面接触少于1/10秒，在这1/10秒中，一半的时间用于着地，另一半的时间用于蹬地。增加式训练能帮助运动员最好地利用这一短暂的间隙。Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed t

47、o address adequately. Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition, even through supplements, Yessis insists. Each activity has its own nutritional needs. Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries.养分是另一个没有得到运动教练足够重视的方面。Yessis坚称，即使吃了补品，许多运动员也没有得

48、到最好的养分。毎一项活动都有自己的养分需求。到目前为止，几乎没有教练懂得微量矿物质的缺乏是怎样使运动员受伤的。Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken. If we applied the Russian training model to some of the outstanding runners we have in this country, Yessis asserts, they would be breaking records left and right. He will not predict by how much, however: Exactly what the limits are its hard to say, but there will be increases even if on