2022年吉林职称英语考试真题卷.docx

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1、2022年吉林职称英语考试真题卷本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Questions 57 to 60 are based on the following passage:One of the most interesting paradoxes in America today is that Harvard University, the oldest institutionof higher learning in the United States, is now e

2、ngaged in a serious debate about what a university should be,and whether it is measuring up.Like the Roman Catholic Church and other ancient institutions, it is asking-still in private rather thanin public whether its past assumptions about faculty, authority, admissions, courses of study, are reall

3、yrelevant to the problems of the 1990s.Should Harvard - or any other university - be an intellectual sanctuary, apart from the political andsocial revolution of the age, or should it be a laboratory for experimentation with these political and socialrevolutions; or even an engine of the revolution T

4、his is what is being discussed privately in the bigclapboard houses of faculty members around the Harvard Yard.The issue was defined by Waiter Lippmann, a distinguished Harvard graduate, several years ago.If the universities are to do their work, he said, they must be independent and they must bedis

5、interested.They are places to which men can turn for judgments which are unbiased by partisanship andspecial interest. Obviously, the moment the universities fall under political control, or under the control ofprivate interests, or the moment they themselves take a hand in politics and the leadersh

6、ip of government,their value as independent and disinterested sources of judgment is impaired.This is part of the argument that is going on at Harvard today. Another part is the argument of the militant and even many moderate students: that a university is the keeper of our ideals and morals, andsho

7、uld not be disinterested but activist in bringing the nations ideals and actions together.Harvards men of today seem more troubled and less sure about personal, political and academicpurpose than they did at the beginning. They are not even clear about how they should debate and resolvetheir problem

8、s, but they are struggling with them privately, and how they come out is bound to influenceAmerican universities and political life in the 1990s.The issues in the debate on Harvards goals are whether the universities should remain independent ofour society and its problems, and whether they should _

9、.Afight militarismB overcome the widespread drug dependencyCtake an active part in solving societys illsDsupport our old and established institutions 2.In1772, Goethe went as a young lawyer to Wetzlar, where he fell in love with the fiancte of his closefriend Kestner. 61 he returned to Frankfurt and

10、 later discovered that Kestner had killed himself. These eventsformed the 62 of his beautiful novel The Sorrows of Young Werther, which is the most important literarywork of the early romantic period.In 1786, Goethe 63 Italy, and this had a strong 64 on his work, 65 him to 66 his earlier romanticsty

11、le with the classic ideas to Greece and Rome.His masterpiece, Faust, published in 1831, was the 67 of 50 years of work. It is the greatestdramatic poem in the German language.Goethe died at Weimar in 1832. These days, his 68 as one of Europes mostfamous poets is stronger than 69. And the town Frankf

12、urt is always 70 with hisname throughout the world.AMournfullyBHappilyCDeceivedDBroken-hearted 3.Questions 41 to 44 are based on the following passage:Scientists now believe that many, if not all, living things are born with some type of hidden clock. Theseclocks are sometimes set by the number of h

13、ours of light or darkness in a day, by the rhythm of the tides orby the seasons.One of the most remarkable of natures living clocks belongs to the fiddler crab, that familiar beachdwellerwith tile overgrown claw. Biologists have long known that the crabs shell is darkest during the day,grows pale in

14、 late afternoon, then begins to darken again at daybreak. This daytime darkening is valuable forprotection against enemies and sunlight, and for many years it was thought to be a simple response by thecrab to the sun-just as if we were to get a tan during the day and lose it at night.But when an ent

15、erprising scientist placed a fiddler crab in darkness, be was amazed to find that the colorof the crabs shell kept ticking off the time with the same accuracy.Yet another startling fact was revealed: the crabs shell reached the darkest color about 50 minutes lateach day. There was a second clock ins

16、ide the crab, for the tides also occur 50 minutes later from day to day.Moreover, even when the crabs were taken from the beach and put back in the dark, they continued theirtidal rhythm. More research disclosed that a crab from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, reached its darkest colorfour hours earlier th

17、an the one taken from a beach on a neighboring island. The tides on the nearby islandwere found to be exactly four hours later than the Cape Cod tides.Ants dont carry calendars around with them any more than fiddler crabs possess real wrist watches. Butants show amazing accuracy as to the day of the

18、 year. Each year, an ant nest sends out winged, young queenson mating flights. Hundreds of them may fly out of a single nest in the soil. Last summer, at the crest of mymountain, I watched an ant city prepare to send forth its young queens. At the precise moment that they tookwing, a colony of the s

19、ame species that my wife was watching near the bottom of the mountain, also sent itsqueen on a wedding flight. There was, of course, no way could the two colonies have checked take off timewith each othen Entomologist Albro T. Gaul once jotted down in his notebook that a particular the same time!Thi

20、s split-second timing is not always the rule. However, most flights take place within a definite period oftime. Birds also have built-in timepieces which send them off on fall and spring migrations. What thebirds really have is a clock like mechanism which allows them to time hours of darkness or li

21、ght in each day.But what sends birds northward again in the spring New research by Dr. Albert Wdifson ofNorthwestern University seems to indicate that the timing of return flight is extraordinarily complex. In thefall of the year the short days and long nights cause the clocks in migratory birds to

22、undergo a kind ofwinding in preparation for their spring return and breeding. Then during the late fall and winter as theclock ticks, certain physiological changes occur in the bird. The length of each day during the winterdetermines how fast the clock will run, and hence when the alarm will ring fo

23、r the spring migration. Theclock continues to run through breeding time, then stops-to be re-wound again the next fall.The reported activity of the ant colony occurred in relation to _.Athe position of the sunBthe day of the yearCthe temperatureD the geographical location 4.Questions 53 to 56 are ba

24、sed on the following passage:Following the end of the Apollo space program, the National Geographic Society published anarticles about the moon. Here, in shorter form, are some questions and answers from one ofthese articles.Is the moon like the earth Yes and no. It is more like it than many scienti

25、sts thought before Apollo. Like the earth, the moon is inlayers, with a crust on the outside and a deep mantle below. It may also have a core, as the earth does.However, the crust is almost four times thicker than the earths crust. We do not know much yet about themoons mantle, that section of super

26、heated rock which goes down hundreds of miles below the crust. Wethinkbut we are not sure that the moon has a center core which includes molten rock, a.s the earth does.In other ways, of course, the moon is very different. There is no life, and there is no water. The makeupof its atmosphere is very

27、different; the earth creatures cannot breathe in it.Is the moon hot or cold Most scientists agree that some of the moon was hot for at 1east a time. Rocks from the moon show thatthey were once melted. Right now there seems to be heat someplace inside the moon, possibly a great deal ofit. On the surf

28、ace, however, there is no sign of heat - no volcano, for example. The surface itself ranges fromheat of 230 F to cold of minus 290F, depending upon where the sun is.Where did the moon come from We dont know. The three main theories (ideas) are (1) that the moon was horn from the earth, (2) thatthe e

29、arth and the moon were born together at the same time from the same cloud of gas and dust, and (3) thatthe moon was born someplace else in the solar system and then captured by the earths gravity. So far, noneof these theories has been proved to be either fight or wrong. Professor George W. Wetheril

30、l of theUniversity of California in Los Angeles says that he would give the first two -theories each a 10 percentchance and the third theory a 20 percent chance. The other 60 percent he would give to things we haventthought of yet.The surface of the moon is _.Aso hot that it warms the earthBmuch col

31、der at all times than the earthCabout the same as that of the earth in terms of heat and coldDsometimes much hotter, sometimes much colder than the earth 5.In1772, Goethe went as a young lawyer to Wetzlar, where he fell in love with the fiancte of his closefriend Kestner. 61 he returned to Frankfurt

32、 and later discovered that Kestner had killed himself. These eventsformed the 62 of his beautiful novel The Sorrows of Young Werther, which is the most important literarywork of the early romantic period.In 1786, Goethe 63 Italy, and this had a strong 64 on his work, 65 him to 66 his earlier romanti

33、cstyle with the classic ideas to Greece and Rome.His masterpiece, Faust, published in 1831, was the 67 of 50 years of work. It is the greatestdramatic poem in the German language.Goethe died at Weimar in 1832. These days, his 68 as one of Europes mostfamous poets is stronger than 69. And the town Fr

34、ankfurt is always 70 with hisname throughout the world.AgreatnessBconditionCbasisDreasons 6.Questions 45 to 48 are based on the following passage:Medicine comes in many forms. In its liquid form, medicine affects the body very quickly. But the effectsof liquid medicine arent usually long lasting. Th

35、at is why pills and capsules are also used.The pills and capsules being sold today arent perfect, either. Pills dissolve in the stomach. The medicinein the pills is released when the pills dissolve. But often, the pills dissolve too quickly. Scientists have beentrying to develop a pill that can rele

36、ase medicine slowly over a long period of time. They have applied theirknowledge of plants to produce the osmotic (渗透的) pumppill.The cell walls of plants are made of cellulose (纤维素). Cellulose is a very porous substance. There aremillions of tiny holes, or pores, in the cellulose walls of plants. Th

37、ese holes are big enough to allow waterthrough the cell walls. As water enters a cell, pressure builds up in the cell. The pressure pumps othersubstances out of the cell. These substances leave the cell through the cellulose wall. This slow, steadyprocess is called osmosis.The osmotic pump pill is c

38、oated with synthetic cellulose. Liquid medicine is contained in the pill.Theholes in the cellulose coating of the pill are big enough to allow water in the pill As water from the bodyenters the pill, pressure builds up and the medicine is then slowly pumped out of the pill.The passage implies that c

39、ellulose is a very porous substance because it contains _Amillions of tiny holesBa substance that dissolves itCa substance that creates pressureD liquid medicine 7.Questions 49 to 52 are based on the following passage:Prices defermine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which pr

40、oducts and servicesthat are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a verycomplex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as thoseof a myriad of services, including labor, professional transportation, and

41、 public-utility services. Theinterrelationships of all these prices make up the system of prices. The price of any particular product orservice is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or lessupon everything else.If one were to ask a group of random

42、ly selected individuals to define price, many would reply thatprice is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words, thatprice is the money value of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. This definition is, ofcourse, valid as fa

43、r as it goes. For a complete understmlding of a price in any particular transaction, muchmore than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer and the seller should be familiarwith not only the money amount, but also with the amount and quality of the product or service to beexchanged

44、, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form ofmoney to be used, the credit terms and discounts that supply to the transaction, guarantees on the product orservice, delivery terms return privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and se

45、ller should befully aware of all the factors that comprise the total package being exchanged for the asked amount ofmoney in order that they may evaluate a given price.In the last sentence of the passage, the word they refers to _.Areturn privilegesBall the factorsCbuyer and sellerD money 8.Question

46、s 57 to 60 are based on the following passage:One of the most interesting paradoxes in America today is that Harvard University, the oldest institutionof higher learning in the United States, is now engaged in a serious debate about what a university should be,and whether it is measuring up.Like the

47、 Roman Catholic Church and other ancient institutions, it is asking-still in private rather thanin public whether its past assumptions about faculty, authority, admissions, courses of study, are reallyrelevant to the problems of the 1990s.Should Harvard - or any other university - be an intellectual

48、 sanctuary, apart from the political andsocial revolution of the age, or should it be a laboratory for experimentation with these political and socialrevolutions; or even an engine of the revolution This is what is being discussed privately in the bigclapboard houses of faculty members around the Harvard Yard.The issue was defined by Waiter Lippmann, a distinguished Harvard graduate, several years ago.If the universities are to do their work, he said, they must be independent and they must bedisinterested.They are places to which men can turn for judgments which are unbiased by