2022江西职称英语考试真题卷（4）.docx

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1、2022江西职称英语考试真题卷（4）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。 BGreen Roof Research/B The concept of green roofs is basically about growing plants on roofs, thus helping to replace

2、the green footprint that had been destroyed due to the construction of the building. Green roofs are the most prevalent (流行) in Germany, which is widely regarded as the leader in green roof research. The green roofs that are used these days can be classified as extensive and intensive systems. Exten

3、sive green roofs use mosses, grasses and herbs, which are tolerant to droughts. These plants do not need much maintenance, can be grown in a layer of. substrata (土层) that can be as shallow as 1.5 inches, and generally are inaccessible to the public. In contrast, a wide range of species of plants are

4、 grown on intensive green roofs, such as shrubs (灌木) and even trees, which require deeper substrate layers, and are usually grown on flat roofs. They need intensive maintenance, and are usually areas that resemble parks which are accessible to people. There are several benefits of adopting green roo

5、f technologies. Apart from the obvious psychological and aesthetic (美学的) benefits of garden-like environments surrounding you, some of the common economic and ecological benefits are.- a reduction in the consumption of energy; air and water purification; recovering green spaces; and the mitigation (

6、缓解) of the heat island effect in urban areas. The green roof research that is currently ongoing is focused on evaluating the species of plants that are suitable to be grown on roofs, the methods of propagation (繁殖) as well as establishment, nutrient (养料) and water requirement, substrates, and the qu

7、antity and quality of water runoff. The evaluation criteria of plant species are: at what rate they can be established; their capacity to withstand invasive weeds; tolerance of cold, and heat; tolerance of drought conditions; capacity of persistence and survival. A number of experiments are being co

8、nducted on roof platform simulations at various research centers. These sites are generally outfitted with equipment, which are used to measure temperatures at different depths of the growing substrates, and the rate and volume of the runoff of stormwaters from each of the platforms. Green roof tech

9、nology is representative of a completely new market for landscape contractors, and all roofs that currently exist and the future ones to be constructed are the potential market - a market that is too huge to be overlooked.Although green roof technology can create a garden-like environment, its poten

10、tial market is rather small. A RightB WrongC Not mentioned 2.B第三篇/B B Why Humans Walk on Two Legs/B A team of scientists that studied chimpanzees (黑猩猩) trained to use treadmills(跑步机) has gathered new evidence suggesting that our earliest apelike ancestors started walking on two legs because it requi

11、red less energy than getting around on all fours. Michael Sockol, researcher of UC Davis, worked for two years to find an animal trainer willing to coax (劝诱) adult chimps to walk on two legs and to walk on ail fours. The five chimps also wore face masks used to help the researchers measure oxygen co

12、nsumption. While the chimps worked out, the scientists collected data that allowed them to calculate which method of locomotion (移动) used less energy and why. The team gathered the same information for four adult humans walking on a treadmill. The researchers found that human walking used about 75 p

13、ercent less energy and burned 75 percent fewer calories than quadrupedal and bipedal walking in chimpanzees. They also found that for some but not all of the chimps, walking on two legs was no more costly than on all fours. We were prepared to find that all of the chimps used more energy walking on

14、two legs -but that finding wouldnt have been as interesting, Sockol said. What we found was much more telling. For three chimps, bipedalism was more expensive, but for the other two chimps, this wasnt the case. One spent about the same energy walking on two legs as on all fours. The other used less

15、energy walking upright. These two chimps had different gaits (步法) and anatomy (解剖) than their quadrupedal peers. Taken together, the findings provide support for the hypothesis that anatomical (解剖学的) differences affecting gait existed among our earliest apelike ancestors, and that these differences

16、provided the geneticvariation which natural selection could act on when changes in the environment gave bipeds an advantage over quadrupeds. Fossil and molecular evidence suggests the earliest ancestors of the human family lived in forested areas in equatorial Africa in the late Miocene era (中世纪) so

17、me 8 to 10 million years ago, when changes in climate may have increased the distance between food patches. That would have forced our earliest ancestors to travel longer distances on the ground and favored those who could cover more ground using less energy. This isnt the complete answer, Sockol sa

18、id. But its a good piece of a puzzle humans have always wondered about: How and why did we become human And why do we alone walk on two legs Michael Sockol and his team were interested in Awhere humans came fromBhow chimpanzees could be trained to use treadmillsCwhy our apelike ancestors came to wal

19、k on two legsDwhen our earliest ancestors began to live in forested areas 3.下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。B第一篇/B Centers of the Great European Cities The centers of the great cities of Europe are meeting places by tradition. People gather there to drink coffee and chat late into the night. A

20、 mixture of locals and tourists make for an exciting, metropolitan atmosphere. Squares, plazas (广场) and arcades (拱廊) form the heart of Europes cities. Venice in Italy has the Piazza San Marco - a beautiful square surrounded by shops, churches, restaurants and cafes. In Barcelona, Spain, La Bosqueria

21、 is a lively market with hundreds of stalls selling all kinds of goods. Londons Covent Garden is filled with fruit and vegetable stalls by day and musicians, acrobats (杂质演员) and artists by night. The government buildings at the center of many cities often are architecturally impressive. In London, t

22、hey serve as a beautiful backdrop (背景) to the coffee tables that line the streets and the banks of the Thames. These vibrant (有活力的) hearts are the product of centuries of evolution, social historian Joel Garreau told US News and World Report recently. The reason people think Venice is so great today

23、 is you dont see all the mistakes, said Garreau. Those have all been removed. Most European cities were laid out before the invention of the car, so bars, restaurants and cafes were near to peoples homes. Today, the focus of many Europeans life has moved away from the centers. They live in the subur

24、bs and outskirts, driving to supermarkets to get their supplies. But on a continent where people treasure convention, there are still those who hold onto traditional ways, living and shopping locally. These people, together with tourists, provide the city centers with their reason for existence. Cof

25、fee culture plays a part in keeping these city centers flourishing. This is particularly true of Pads whose citizens are famous enthusiastic conversationalists. This skill is developed over many hours spent chatting over espressos (浓咖啡) and cigarettes. Religion also plays a role in developing sociab

26、le atmosphere. People in Roman Catholic countries used to visit the Church on an almost daily basis. Entire communities would gather in the same building and then move out to the markets, cafes and bars in the surrounding streets. An enormous example of this relationship between church and society i

27、s the Duomo. The huge marble cathedral in Florence, Italy is surrounded by bakeries and coffee shops, and caters not only to the tourist crowds, but also the local community.Which statement is NOT true of Covent Garden AIt is crowded with peopleBIt is located in LondonCIt is filled with stallsDIt is

28、 surrounded by shops, churches, restaurants and cafes 4.B第二篇/B BReal-World Robots/B When you think of a robot, do you imagine a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone (单调的) voice accentuate

29、d (强调) by high-pitched tones and beeps This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Todays robot i

30、s more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence, that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated With human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclu

31、sions, and learning from past experience. A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles (轮轴) that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that turn roun

32、d and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robots base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to shake as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope (陀螺仪) inside it senses the vertic

33、al differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object, the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions (障碍物) in its path. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the infor

34、mation and corrects or adjusts the robots actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial intelligence programs.The word humanoid in paragraph I means Alacking human feelingsBlacking human characteristicsClacking human intelligenceDhavin

35、g a human form and characteristics 5.下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。 BDebate over the Use of Renewable Energy/B Ausubel of Rockefeller University in New York, US says the key renewable (可再生的) energy sources, including sun, wind and biofuels, would all require vast amounts of land if developed up t

36、o large scale production - unlike nuclear power. That land would be far betterU (51) /Ualone, he says. Renewables lookU (52) /Uwhen they are quite small. But if we start producing renewable energy on a largeU (53) /U, the fallout (结果) is going to be horrible. Ausubel draws his conclusions by analysi

37、ng the amount of energy that renewables, natural gas and nuclei (原子核) canU (54) /Uin terms of power per square metre of land used. Moreover, he claims thatU (55) /Urenewable energy use increases, this measure of efficiency will decrease as the best land for wind, biofuels, and solar power gets used

38、up. Solar power is much moreU (56) /Uthan biofuel in terms of the area of land used, but it would stillU (57) /U150 square kilometres of photovoltaic (光电的) cells to match the energy production of the 1000 MW nuclear plant. In another example, he saysU (58) /Uthe 2005 US electricity demand via wind p

39、ower alone would need 780,000 square kilometres, an area theU (59) /Uof Texas. However, several experts are highly critical of AusubelsU (60) /U. John Turner of the US governments National Renewable Energy Laboratory says that even if the US got all of itsU (61) /Ufrom solar energy, it would still n

40、eed less than half the amount of land that has been paved overU (62) /Uhighways. Further, it need notU (63) /Uup additional land. The US could get a quarter of its energy just from covering rooftops of existing buildings, he says. According to Turner, the same dual use alsoU (64) /Uto wind power. Th

41、e footprint for wind is only 5% of the land that itU (65) /U. Farmers can still farm the land that the turbines are on. Turner says looking solely at land use is an oversimplification of the issue. AfreshBcostlyCdirtyDattractive 6.B第三篇/B B Why Humans Walk on Two Legs/B A team of scientists that stud

42、ied chimpanzees (黑猩猩) trained to use treadmills(跑步机) has gathered new evidence suggesting that our earliest apelike ancestors started walking on two legs because it required less energy than getting around on all fours. Michael Sockol, researcher of UC Davis, worked for two years to find an animal t

43、rainer willing to coax (劝诱) adult chimps to walk on two legs and to walk on ail fours. The five chimps also wore face masks used to help the researchers measure oxygen consumption. While the chimps worked out, the scientists collected data that allowed them to calculate which method of locomotion (移

44、动) used less energy and why. The team gathered the same information for four adult humans walking on a treadmill. The researchers found that human walking used about 75 percent less energy and burned 75 percent fewer calories than quadrupedal and bipedal walking in chimpanzees. They also found that

45、for some but not all of the chimps, walking on two legs was no more costly than on all fours. We were prepared to find that all of the chimps used more energy walking on two legs -but that finding wouldnt have been as interesting, Sockol said. What we found was much more telling. For three chimps, b

46、ipedalism was more expensive, but for the other two chimps, this wasnt the case. One spent about the same energy walking on two legs as on all fours. The other used less energy walking upright. These two chimps had different gaits (步法) and anatomy (解剖) than their quadrupedal peers. Taken together, t

47、he findings provide support for the hypothesis that anatomical (解剖学的) differences affecting gait existed among our earliest apelike ancestors, and that these differences provided the geneticvariation which natural selection could act on when changes in the environment gave bipeds an advantage over quadrupeds. Fossil and molecular evidence suggests the earliest ancestors of the human family lived in forested areas in equatorial Africa in the late Miocene era (中世纪) some 8 to 10 million years ago, when changes in cl