2022陕西职称英语考试真题卷（6）.docx

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1、2022陕西职称英语考试真题卷（6）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Dont Count on Dung (粪) 2.More Than Just Money 3.Pandemic H1N1 2009 4.The Writings on the Wall 5.Dont Count on Dung (粪) 6.More Than a Ride to School 7.Pandemic H1N1 2009 8.More Than Just Money 9.Dont Count o

2、n Dung (粪) 10.More Than a Ride to School 11.The Writings on the Wall 12.More Than Just Money 13.Pandemic H1N1 2009 14.More Than a Ride to School 15.Dont Count on Dung (粪) 16.The Writings on the Wall 17.The Writings on the Wall 18.More Than a Ride to School 19.More Than Just Money 20.Pandemic H1N1 20

3、09 21.Dont Count on Dung (粪) 22.More Than a Ride to School 23.The Writings on the Wall 24.More Than Just Money 25.Pandemic H1N1 2009 26.The Writings on the Wall 27.Pandemic H1N1 2009 28.Pandemic H1N1 2009 29.Pandemic H1N1 2009 30.Pandemic H1N1 2009 31.Pandemic H1N1 2009 32.Pandemic H1N1 2009 33.Pand

4、emic H1N1 2009 34.Pandemic H1N1 2009 35.Pandemic H1N1 2009 36.Pandemic H1N1 2009 37.B第一篇/B I had been working in the trauma unit at a local hospital for about a year. You get used to families thinking that a coma patient is moving their hand or doing something that they were asked to do. Following c

5、ommands is what we call it. Often its wishful thinking on the families part. Nurses can easily become callous to it. On this particular night during visiting hours, my patients wife came in. I had taken care of him for severam nights. I was very familiar with his care and what he was able to do. Act

6、ually, he didnt do anything. He barely moved at all, even when something would obviously hurt him, such as suctioning. His wife was very short, about 5 feet tall. She had to stand on a stool to lean over him, so that she could see his face and talk to him. She climbed up on the stool. I spoke to her

7、 for a few minutes, and then stepped out to tend to my other patient. A few minutes later, she came running out of the room. In an excited voice, she said, Donna, hes moving his hand! I immediately thought that it was probably her imagination, and that he had not actually done it on purpose. He had

8、been there about a month at the time and had never made any movements on purpose. I asked her what had happened and she said, I asked him to squeeze my hand and he did ! This led me to another train of questioning. But, did he let go when you asked him to She said yes, that he had done exactly what

9、she asked. I went into the room with her, not really believing that I would see anything different than I had always seen. But I decided that it would be better to pacify her than to make her think I didnt believe her or that she was somehow mistaken. She asked him to squeeze her hand, which he did.

10、 I said, Well, ask him to let go. He continued to squeeze for a moment, so that when he finally did let go, I really still didnt believe that he had done it on Purpose. So, I said, Ask him to hold up one finger. He did as asked. Well, hmm, this was starting to get my attention. I looked at him, his

11、face still somewhat swollen and his eyes still closed. Stick out your tongue! I said. He did it. I almost fell on the floor. It was the first time I had ever seen anyone wake up. The first paragraph indicates that more often than not a coma patient _. Ais found to be following commandsBis thought to

12、 be following commandsCis used to following commandsDis callous to nurses commands 38. Antibiotic resistance doesnt just make pathogens(病原体) difficult to treat, It also makes them harder to track Traditionally, epidemiologists(流行病专家)following the paths of disease-causing microbes have identified the

13、ir suspects by features of bacterial polysaccharide(多糖) coats, susceptibility to different antibiotics, or other schemes But these tracking techniques are losing their relevance (相关性,实用性), says Alexander Tomasz, a microbiologist at Rockefeller University in New York City. With the increase in drug r

14、esistance, a variety of resistant microbes can now wear the same coat or be resistant to the same drugs, making it harder and harder to keep tabs on individual strains (菌株). Epidemiologists, therefore, are increasingly turning to more precise molecular typing techniques, such as DNA fingerprinting,

15、to distinguish resistant strains. DNA typing tools are, of course, not new. Indeed, some DNA-based methods, such as comparing plasmids (质体)(small rings of DNA outside the chromosomes 染色体), have been used by epidemiologists to track infections since the 1970s. but since plasmid DNA is transferred eas

16、ily and often between different strains, that technique too has its limitations. More recent techniques use restriction enzymes to cut apart entire bacterial chromosomes into strain-specific fragment patterns, Another method uses specific radiolabeled (放射标汇的) DNA probes, in a technique known as Sout

17、hern hybridization(杂交), to test for the presence of a particular drug-resistance gene in a bacterial strain. Such tools give epidemiologists, unprecedented resolving power for identifying reservoirs and transition routes of genes and pathogens, says Tomasz. That has helped researchers track a number

18、 of drug-resistant clones as they travel vast distances. Such tracking methods also help us learn about the mechanism of resistance, says CDC(疾病控制和预防中心) epidemiologist Robert Breiman. Resistance grows, he explains, either as one resistant organism spreads from one location to the nextas in the Brazi

19、lian MRSA(耐甲氧苯青素金黄色葡萄球菌)or as different strains and even species of microbes share the genes responsible for drug resistance, as a series of studies of vancomycin(万古霉素) resistance recently demonstrated. That knowledge also helps public health officials combat the spread. If resistance spreads horizo

20、ntallyas a microbe increases its range, Breiman says its important to focus prevention efforts on minimizing person-to-person spread in hospitals and day-care centers. If, however, resistance genes are jumping between organisms, that suggests that overly aggressive antibiotic treatment is encouragin

21、g nonresistant bugs to acquire new genes. In such cases, the focus needs to be on controlling anti-microbial use, says Breiman. The hoped-for result: fewer infections to track. Aspirin is one of the worlds oldest pain remedies. AA. RightBB. WrongCC. Not mentioned 39.B第二篇/B We all age at different ra

22、tes. Heredity clearly plays an important part. But recent research studies by gerontologists indicate that life-style may be equally significant in determining who will remain youthful. As a rule, single men and women have shorter lives than married men and women. Studies show that those who have be

23、en widowed, especially men, have a longer life expectancy if they remarry soon. Both men and women seem to have a greater resistance to disease and death when their marriage is undamaged. According to a 1960 study, women who have borne three children have the lowest mortality rates. Those who have b

24、orne four or more have the highest. Childless women and those with only one child generally dont live as long as mother of two or three, according to University of Chicago sociologists Evenly M. Kitagawa and Philip M. Hauser. Its impossible to say how much sleep is ideal. Some people thrive on five

25、hours a night, others seem to require eight or nine. Scientists agree that consistency in sleeping pattern is more significant; its better to get six hours sleep every night than ten hours one night and three the next. While its true that very few people who enjoy a long life are fat, this does not

26、mean that every pound you gain is going to shorten your life. In fact, an ongoing study in Framingham, Mass. , has showed that during at least 30 years of middle life, leanness was a higher factor for mortality than fatness! What is known is that weight extremes in either direction are definitely un

27、healthy. Weighing 20 percent more or less than you should weigh can, in certain cases, be a life shortener. The benefits of regular exercise are indisputable. Men engaged in energetic and persistent physical labor have fewer heart attacks. But many researchers believe that exercise need not be very

28、strong to keep you in shape. The first principle of any life-extension program, then, is to enjoy every moment of the life you havewhether it lasts one more year or a hundred. As the philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau put it: Teach him to live rather than to avoid death. Life is not breath but action

29、, the use of our senses, mind, faculties, every part of ourselves which makes us conscious of our being. Which of the following is not beneficial to the lengthening of life AYou should keep a good sleep habit.BYou should do physical exercise on a regular basis.CYou should try and remain neither too

30、lean nor too fat.DYou should take part in a guided life-extension program. 40. Three basic pathophysiologic mechanisms lead to virtually all the clinical disease states involving endocrine glands: (46) the excessive hormone production and action and neoplasa. Deficiency of hormone action is most com

31、monly caused by an abnormally low level of biologically active hormone reaching target tissues. (47) Endocrine gland hypofunciton may be congenital, caused by a complete failure of gland development, a mutant gene-encoding the structure of hormone or an enzyme responsible for hormone biosythesis. (4

32、8) replacement by tumor, surgical extirpation, effects of pharmacologic or environmental agents, or inflammation. Other causes of decreased hormone action in target tissues are encountered less frequently. Deranged physiologic control of pituitary gland function causes secondary glandular failure, w

33、hich can be either congenital or acquired (49) Defective postsecretory hormone activation or accelerated hormone metabolism may result in abnormally low hormone activity. Hormonal deficiency states, despite normal or even elevated concentrations of biologically active hormone in the circulation, may

34、 be due to target-tissue resistance. (50) This failure of target tissue responsiveness may be due to an abnormality of hormone receptors or in post-binding signaling of the hormone-receptor interaction. A. Deficiency of hormone action on target tissues. B. Improvement of hormone release may result i

35、n glandular hypofunction. C. Functional endocrine tumors secrete a hormonal product. D. Inadequate hormone production may occur as a result of primary gland failure. E. Resistance can be congenital or acquired F. Endocrine gland failure may also be acquired as a consequence of physiologic atrophy. 4

36、1. Hypertension is the medical term for persistent and sustained high blood pressure. It is one of the most U (51) /U forms of heart disease. An understanding of blood pressure in U (52) /U, healthy individuals is necessary in order to understand hypertension. Blood pressure is simply the force U (5

37、3) /U against the walls of the bodys arteries (血管) as blood flows through. The force, produced primarily by the pumping U (54) /U of the heart, is essential for the U (55) /U of the blood and its life-supporting nutrients(营养) to all parts of the body. Every time the heart U (56) /U, called a systole

38、, blood pressure increases. When the heart relaxes U (57) /U beats(diastole), the pressure decreases. The normal systolic pressure of a person at vest is between 100 to 140, and the normal diastole is 60 to 90. Blood-pressure readings are expressed by both U (58) /U, with the systolic over the diast

39、olic: for example, 140/90. As these ranges suggest, there is a wide U (59) /U of blood pressure for healthy people. Also, blood pressure U (60) /U for healthy people during different times of the day and under different. U (61) /U. It is lower when an individual is asleep than when he is excited or

40、exerting himself physically. Therefore, a single blood-pressure reading above 140/90 does not U (62) /U abnormality. When the pressure is continuously U (63) /U, a person is considered to be suffering from hypertension. Hypertension is a stealthy(隐秘的) problem: a physician can discover it easily enou

41、gh, but not a patient. U (64) /U elevations, for example, may produce headaches, dizziness, fatigue, and weakness. But the patient is not likely to U (65) /Uthese symptoms as having any other source than the increased elevation. AgeneralBcommonCextensiveDusual 42.B第三篇/B Without regular supplies of s

42、ome hormones our capacity to behave would be seriously impaired; without others we would soon die. Tiny amounts of some hormones can modify our moods and our action, our inclination to eat or drink, our aggressiveness or submissiveness, and our reproductive and parental behavior. And hormones do mor

43、e than influence adult behavior; early in life they help to determine the development of bodily form and may even determine an individuals behavioral capacities. Later in life the changing outputs of some endocrine glands and the bodys changing sensitivity to some hormones are essential aspects of t

44、he phenomena of aging. Communication within the body and the consequent integration of behavior were considered the exclusive province of the nervous system up to the beginning of the present century. The emergence of endocrinology as a separate discipline can probable be traced to the experiments o

45、f Bayliss and Starling on the hormone secretion. This substance is secreted from cells in the intestinal walls when food enters the stomach; it travels through the bloodstream and stimulates the pancreas to liberate pancreatic juice, which aids in digestion. By showing that special cells secrete che

46、mical agents that are conveyed by the bloodstream and regulate distant target organs or tissues, Bayliss and Starling demonstrated that chemical integration can occur without participation of the nervous system. The term hormone was first used with reference to secretion. Starling derived the term from the Gr