医学院议论文写作_20150408213156_20150502165541.ppt

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1、,ParagraphDevelopment,1/16/2020,Explicitreference上下句的关联照应明确Parallelstructure用同一句子结构表达同一思想Topicsentence每段有主题句引出段落思想Consecutivearrangement段落中句子要有条理Globalunity段落只能有一个中心思想，不能离题Subordination段落细节围绕主旨展开,FeaturesofanEnglishparagraph(Bain,1866),1/16/2020,Awell-developedparagraphis“acompositioninminiature”org

2、oodparagraphsarereallygoodessayswrittensmall.,1/16/2020,Awell-conceivedandwell-constructedparagraphisaunit,andoftenthisunityisindicatedbyakeysentencethatiscalledthetopicsentence.Thetopicsentencesstatesthecentralthought,whichtherestoftheparagraphdevelops.Wecanthinkofthetopicsentenceasabackbone,aspine

3、,aroundwhichtherestofthestructureisformed.,英文中的主题句Topicsentence,1/16/2020,EvenataprestigiouseducationalinstitutionlikeHarvard,anti-intellectualismiswidespread.Manystudentsareashamedtoadmit,eventotheirfriends,howmuchtheystudy.Althoughmoststudentstrytokeepuptheirgrades,thereisbutasmallgroupofundergrad

4、uatesforwhompursuingknowledgeisthemostimportantthingduringtheiryearsatHarvard.Nerdsarelookeddownuponwhileathletesaremadeheroesof.,Example,1/16/2020,Thesedayslifestylesseemtochangefast.Itismorethanjustclothingandhairstylethatareinstyleoneyearandoutofdatethenext;itsawholewayofliving.Oneyearpeoplewears

5、unglassesontopoftheirheadsandwearjeansandboots;theydrinkwhitewineandeatsushiatJapaneserestaurants;forexercisetheyjogseveralmilesaday.However,thenextyeartheynoticethateverythinghaschanged.Womenwearlongskirts;peopledrinkexpensivewaterfromFranceandeatpastaatItalianrestaurants;everyoneseemstobeexercisin

6、gathealthclubs.,Example,1/16/2020,英语典型线性段落表现为层级的概括性，“段落中的意思以有秩序的顺序清晰相互联系。在展开意思的过程中，段落的每一个句子顺其自然地从前一个句子中产生出来，在原先所说的基础上向深入发展。”,英语典型段落：线性层级发展,1/16/2020,段落的多种形式,1/16/2020,Themostremarkablethingaboutdaydreamingmaybeitsusefulnessinshapingourfuturelivesaswewantthemtobe.IndustrialistHenryJ.Kaiserbelievedtha

7、tmostofhissuccesswasduetothepositiveuseofdaydreaming.Hemaintainedthat“youcanimagineyourfuture.”FlorenceNightingaledreamedofbecominganurse.TheyoungThomasEdisonpicturedhimselfasaninventor.Forthosenobleachievers,itappearsthattheirdaydreamscametrue.,并列型,1/16/2020,顺序型：事物发展先后,Canyouusepurposefuldaydreamin

8、gtoshapeyourownfuture?Whynottry?Hereishowthosewhobelieveincreativedaydreamingrecommendgoingaboutit.Chooseatimewhenyoucanbealoneandundisturbed.Closeyoureyes,topermityourimaginationtosoarfreely.Manypeoplefindthattheygetbestresultsbypretendingthattheyaresittingbeforealargescreen.Theyprojectthedesiredim

9、ageofthemselvesontothescreen.,1/16/2020,Liesalsodoharmtothosewhotellthem:harmtotheirintegrityand,inthelongrun,totheircredibility.Lieshurttheircolleaguesaswell.Thesuspicionofdeceitundercutstheworkofmanydoctorswhoarescrupulouslyhonestwiththeirpatients.Itcontributestothespiraloflawsuitsandof“defensivem

10、edicine”,andthusitinjures,inturn,theentiremedicalprofession.,层递型,1/16/2020,转折型,Sharpconflictsarenowarising.Patientsarelearningtopressforanswers.Patientsbillsofrightsrequirethattheybeinformedabouttheirconditionandaboutalternativesfortreatment.Manydoctorsgotogreatlengthstoprovidesuchinformation.Yeteve

11、ninhospitalswiththemosteloquentbillofrights,believersinbenevolentdeceptioncontinuetheirage-oldpractices.Colleaguesmaydisapprovebutrefrainfromobjecting.Nursesmaybitterlyresenthavingtotakepartindeceivingpatients,butfeelpowerlesstotakeastand.,1/16/2020,书面化,1/16/2020,名词性短语：arecognitionofthestatusleadsto

12、后置定语：thefactors,whichmayinfluence被动句：Technologyasasourceofinnovationhasbeenemphasized.非谓语结构：toachievethepurpose名词从句：Whatcanbeappliedinthefieldshould,句式,1/16/2020,Logicmistakesinargument,1.LoosegeneralizationsDrawingconclusionsaboutgroupsofpeopleonthebasisofstereotypes.Example:Frenchpeoplearemoreroma

13、ntic.2.HastygeneralizationsArrivingataconclusionwithoutenoughevidence.Example:Asian-Americanstudentsarebetterinmath.,1/16/2020,3.CircularReasoningRestatingindifferentwordswhathasalreadybeenstated.Example:Dietingishardbecauseitrequiresconsumingfewercalories.4.Singlecause-effectClaimingthatonlyoneeven

14、tcausedanotherwhentheremaybenorealconnection.Example:WhenIsatdownatthecomputeritstoppedworking,soImusthavedonesomethingwrong.,1/16/2020,5.SlipperySlopeAssumesachainofcause-effectrelationshipswithverysuspectconnections.Example:BecauseIfailedmyexam,myparentsweremad,Ilostmywallet,mycarwouldntstart,andI

15、gotfired.6.NonSequitur(不合逻辑的推理）Thefirstpartoftheideadoesnotrelatetotheother.Example:IdidwellinschoolbecauseIalwaysworeniceclothes.,1/16/2020,7.Either/OrSuggestingonlytwoalternativeswhentheissuemaybemuchmorecomplex.Example:America-loveitorleaveit!8.FalseAuthorityDrawsattentionawayfromtheevidenceandle

16、ansonthepopularityofsomeonewhomayhavelittleknowledgeoftheissueorproduct.Example:KathieLeeGifford,apopularTVcelebrity,saysthatcruisesarewonderful,sotheymustbe.,1/16/2020,9.AdHominem（诉诸感情或偏见）Attackingthepersoninsteadoftheideas.Example:DontvoteforJerryBrown;hesaleft-wingfanatic.10.BandwagonThinkingClai

17、mingthatmostpeopleagreesoitmustberight.Example:Iwouldnthavecheatedonmyincometaxes,buteveryoneelsedoes,sowhyshouldntI?,1/16/2020,11.StackingthedeckGivingaslantedviewoftheissuebyfocusingonlyononeside.Example:IdeservetogetanAintheclassbecauseIliketheteacher,workhard,andattendclass.12.AppealtoEmotionExp

18、loitingtheaudiencesfeelinginordertogetthemonyourside.Example:IbelieveIdeserveascholarshipbecauseIamanorphanwhogrewupinadysfunctionalfosterfamily.,1/16/2020,13.IgnoringthequestionChangingthetopicbeforeitisreallyconsideredExample:Thecriminalwontsaywherehewasonthenightofthecrime,buthedoesrememberbeingt

19、easedrelentlesslyasachild.14.TrivialobjectionsCanbesimilartoadhomineminthatitfocusesonthingsunimportanttotheissueathand.Example:IthinkRossPerotwouldmakeaterriblepresident.Hisearsarehuge.,1/16/2020,Tasks(Nov.12,2013)1.Vocabulary(reading)2.Argument3.Cartoondescription,1/16/2020,TheUniversityofClariais

20、consideredoneofthebestuniversitiesintheworldbecauseofitsinstructorsreputation,whichisbasedprimarilyontheextensiveresearchandpublishingrecordofcertainfacultymembers.Inaddition,severalfacultymembersareinternationallyrenownedasleadersintheirfields.Forexample,manyofthefacultyfromtheEnglishdepartmentarer

21、egularlyinvitedtoteachatuniversitiesinothercountries.Furthermore,tworecentgraduatesofthephysicsdepartmenthavegoneontobecomecandidatesfortheNobelPrizeinPhysics.And75percentofthestudentsareabletofindemploymentaftergraduating.Therefore,becauseofthereputationofitsfaculty,theUniversityofClariashouldbethe

22、obviouschoiceforanyoneseekingaqualityeducation.,1/16/2020,Isinstructorsreputationofauniversitythemainfactortobeconsideredwhetherauniversityisgoodornot?Theexampleismeaningless.Beinginvitedtoteachinothercountriesdoesnotnecessarilymeantheyareleadersinthefield.,Questions,1/16/2020,Whatisthepercentageofg

23、raduatestudentswhohavefoundjobswithouttheinfluenceoftheirteachersreputation?Theemploymentrateseemshigh.Butwhatsortofjobshavethegraduatesgot?Jobswithsatisfactorysalariesandgreatprospectsorthosewithpoorincomesanddimfutures?,1/16/2020,Isinstructorsreputationtheonlystandardofagooduniversity?Arethereothe

24、rstandardssuchastheteachingquality,themanagement,theacademicperformancesofstudentsandtheactivities?Is75%ahighpercentageofemployment?DoEnglishteachersgotoforeigncountriesjustbecausetheyarenativespeakers?,1/16/2020,Istheuniversityoperatedbythegovernment?Whataretheremaining25%ofthegraduatesdoing?Didthe

25、twograduatesdotheirresearch,forwhichtheywerenominatedascandidatesforNobelPrizeinPhysics,whentheywerestudyingattheuniversity?,1/16/2020,1/16/2020,Inastudyoftheeffectsofexerciseonlongevity,medicalresearcherstracked500middle-agedmenovera20-yearperiod.Thesubjectsrepresentedavarietyofoccupationsinseveral

26、differentpartsofthecountryandrespondedtoanannualsurveyinwhichtheywereasked:Howoftenandhowstrenuouslydoyouexercise?Ofthosewhoresponded,themenwhoreportedthattheyengagedinvigorousoutdoorexercisenearlyeverydaylivedlongerthanthemenwhoreportedthattheyexercisedmildlyonlyonceortwiceaweek.Giventheclearlinkth

27、atthisstudyestablishesbetweenlongevityandexercise,doctorsshouldnotrecommendmoderateexercisetotheirpatientsbutshouldinsteadencouragevigorousoutdoorexerciseonadailybasis.,1/16/2020,1.Thesamplemaynotberepresentative.Themenunderresearchareallmalesandallmiddleaged.Theresearchersfailtotakeintoaccounttheco

28、nditionsofwomenandchildren.500isnotabigsampleifthepopulationislarge.2.Onlytwotypesofexercisingmenarereported.Anditispossiblethatonlyhealthymenengageinvigorousoutdoorsport.3.Healthydietandregularintakeofnutrition,goodenvironmentandnecessarymedicalcarealsocontributetolongevity.Excessiveexcisewillbring

29、detrimentaleffectsonthosepatientswithseveredisease.,AtnearbyGreenMountainCollege,whichhasmorebusinesscoursesandmorejobcounselorsthandoesMiraVistaCollege,90percentoflastyearsgraduatingseniorshadjoboffersfromprospectiveemployers.ButatMiraVistaCollegelastyear,only70percentoftheseniorswhoinformedtheplac

30、ementofficethattheywouldbeseekingemploymenthadfoundfull-timejobswithinthreemonthsaftergraduation,andonlyhalfofthesegraduateswereemployedintheirmajorfieldofstudy.TohelpMiraVistasgraduatesfindemployment,wemustoffermorecoursesinbusinessandcomputertechnologyandhireadditionaljobcounselorstohelpstudentswi

31、ththeirresumesandinterviewingskills.,1/16/2020,First,theauthorassumesthatGreenMountainscomparativelystrongJob-placementrecordisduetothefactthatitprovidedmorebusinesscoursesandjobcounselorsthanMiraVista,ratherthansomeotherfactors.Butthisisnotnecessarilythecase.PerhapsGreenMountainstudentsareexception

32、allybrightorresourcefultobeginwith.OrperhapsthequalityofinstructionandjobcounselingatGreenMountainisexceptionallyhigh.Moreover,perhapsGreenMountainprovidesmorebusinesscoursesandjobcounselorsthanMiraVistasimplybecauseGreenMountainisalargerschoolwithmorestudents,1/16/2020,Anotherproblemwiththeargument

33、isthatthestatisticscomparingjobplacementratesmightbedistortedinoneormorerespects.First,theauthorfailstoindicatethepercentageofGreenMountaingraduateswhofindemploymentintheirmajorfieldsofstudy.Second,theauthorignoresthepossibilitythatthetimeparametersdefiningthetwoschoolsjobplacementratesdiffer.Itisen

34、tirelypossiblethatGreenMountainsrecordwasbasedonalongerperiodoftime,therebydistortingthecomparativesuccessoftheschoolsinhelpingtheirrecentgraduatesfindjobs.,1/16/2020,1/16/2020,ThecitedstatisticsaboutMiraVistasjobplacementrecordmightbeunreliableinotherrespectsaswell.Thesestatisticswerebasedonlyondat

35、afromMiraVistaseniorswhoreportedtothecollegejob-placementcenter.TheauthoroverlooksthepossibilitythatonlyasmallportionofMiraVistaseniorsreported.Theauthoralsoignoresthepossibilitythatmanyofthesereportingstudentslaterchangedtheirmindsaboutseekingemploymentorwereofferedjobsbutturnedthemdown.Withoutrulingoutthesepossiblescenarios,theauthorcannotreasonablyrelyonthesestatisticstosupporttheclaimthatMiraVistasjob-placementrecordiscomparativelypoorandthuswouldbeimprovedbyMiraVistasemulatingGreenMountain.,