中国农业工程的发展经验.pdf

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1、第23卷第9期 农业工程学报 V0123 No92007年 9月 Transactions of the CSAE Sep z007 269Experience of agricultural engineering deVelopment in China Zhu Ming(“i舢jP AmdP州o，A占riczf“阳Z E增i删ring叫g 100026，o妇)Abst憎ct：Thi县article Illustrate8 th已positive role of 89rkultural e“gineeri“g development on agricuItural moderniation

2、 inChinaAgricu【tural engineering helps urballize Chinalays the foundation for the int。g珀ted operation of 89rlculture and89riculturaI modernization，and cont“butes significantly to th food 3ecurity and sustainable de仲lopment of natiollaleconomyThe hlgher educ日tion system on 89icult啪l e“gineeri“g has b

3、een established，servi“g agricuIturefood sector，ecoi。gy and the enrironmcntThousands of techniciarls and nlaflagerial pro南ssiona】s have been trainedIt is noted In thearticle that government promotion and policy 3upport are the dri、，e for 89rIcuIturaI e“gi眦riog in China，researchers andtechnlcian$and i

4、nnovation are the keyand industrial developn地t ard farmersdemands are the very foundationAg。icultural e“gineeri“g has effectively b画litated 89ricultural modernization and has been highIy functional in many ways，8uch a5 promoti“g the industriallzed operatlon of 89riculture，1eading farmerscooperatives

5、，extendi“g better techn0109ies，applyi“g research results，educati“g and traini“g fafmers，maki“g an ef矗cient use of resDu”es，icreasi“g pfoductivity，upgradi“g productiDn approaches，maki“g agricultural products more competitlve on the market，generating rurallocal jobopPortunities and enrichi“g far化rs，pT

6、otecti“g the envIronment and improvi“g ecologicaI conservationKeywords r 89。1culturaI e”gineeri“g；89记ultural e“gineeri“g science andtechnology；industrialized operation of agricultural e”毋neen“g；developmentaI experienceCLC numbe：S一1IS210 Documet codel A ArticIe ID：1002 6819(2007)9+026907zhu Mi呜Experi

7、enof agricuIturBl蚰gIneering deveIopmet IchiaJT啊nsactjons of the csAE，2007，23(9)：269275(in English wlth Chine$e abstract)1 IntroductjOnAt the b89inni“g of the 21st century，the Chinesegovernment placed top prio“ty on the issue of agriculture，rural area，and farmers，calling for coordinatedeconomic and s

8、ocial development of both urban andrural China，building up the welloff society in an allround w8y，and constructi“g a new countryside andmodernizing agriculture L“ These provde unu8ualopportunities and challenges for agriculturalen画neeri“gWith 1ess than 7of the world farmland，ChinasuccessfulIy feeds

9、more than 22of the world poPulation，and is now moving towards a welloff societyDuri“g this pr。cess，agricultural e“ginee一“g techn。logy plays a critical and irr。placeable r01e In China，Rec西ved date：2007一04一10 Accepted d且t。；200708一Z8商og阳phles：Zhu Mi“gpf。fesrp删dent of th CAAE and CSAEMaj。red ln agdcultu

10、fal product3 proceB9mg en91neeri叫arId ag删IturaltIdustdali髓tid儿Mailing dd瑚oi 4】 M口jztdlan S“种f， Cha。，口ngDi$ctBe LJlng 100026chin丑Em矧lmi“gzh4昏ng。vcnagricultufal e“gineeri“g provides sufficient modern，applicable equipment and technologies； agriculturalmechanization and elect“fication modify agricultura

11、lproductio“；modern water conservation facmties andprojects secure 89icultural stable芦nd high yield；overten yearsfast development of protected 89rjcuItureprovides a fundamental solution to urban v。getablesupply； the use of more rural biogas and enegyefficient ovens helps improve farmerslivi“g standar

12、dsand protects the environment； agroprocessi“gfunctions as an effective means to add value to farmproduce， increase farmersincome and generate job。pportunities in rural area8；and 89ricultural information e“ginee“g technoIogy is rapidIy appIied to agricultural animal farmi“g and automation contr01 of

13、farmi“g equipment，and as a most dynamic 5cience application，serves the ag rIculturaI market2引 The applicati。n and devel。pment of agricultural e“gineeri“gin China improved agricultural workers capacity，jndustrjal opefatj。n of agriculture and the quamjty，quality and Value of farm produceAs a cons。quen

14、ce，万方数据 万方数据第9期 朱明：中国农业工程的发展经验 271able social and economic benefitsThe crossregion machine harvest of wheatprogram， initiated Jast century by the Chinesegovernment，realized a historical breakthrough inma chinery applicationinagricuIture，from single unit to machinesets，from production to the whole pr

15、ocess， and for the first time thewholeprocess machinery was applied t。the major cropwheat引Machineoperatiois thus promoted for major crops， particularly afterthe pr。mulgation。f the PRChina Agricultural Machinery Prom。tion Law in 2004Government supportive policy measures are escalated to legal provisi

16、ons，further defining the role。f 89ricultural machinery application in 89riculture，and ruraI economic develoPment To facilitate the Law，the central government1eased spec出ed suppoftjve policy to subsidize the purchase of agricultural machines In 2004，the centralgovernment a1Iocated 70 miIlio“yuan of s

17、ubsidy andlocal government input was 600 mmion yuan I“2005，the centraI government input was 300 millionyuan，and local input was 1 billjon yuan In 2006，these numbers increased to 12 billion vuan and 18billion yuan， respectively In 2007， the centraIgovernment input wbe I2 bion yuan and more inthe c。mi

18、ng years1引To improve rural worki“g and living conditions，protect ecoenvifonments and increase farmersincome，the C hineso government initiated the Ecohomeland and Enrichi”g Farmer program jn 2001，which was to build oU rural biogas application，tapresource potential with ecofarmi“g and renewable ene。gy

19、 technoIogy，and promote efficient pIanti“g andanimal farmin2 to en“ch farmersWhen needed，solarene。gy，wind power，efficient ovens，and microhydropower renewable enegy facilities were constructed，tomake a full use of land，s01ar energy，and biomassWith sound c；rculation of enegy and mass，ecologicalbenefit

20、s and economic benefits can be realized at thesame time so that clean enegy is used for households，yard production is optimized，and agriculture is environmentfriendl yBetween 2001 and 2005the centralgoVernment inVested 3：4 billio“yuan for rural bioga3application and beneficia。y households increased

21、by1112 million9385 million yuan was invested for theconstruction of 98 major bioga8 projectsStatisticsshow that by the end of 2005， national biogasdigestors totaled 1807 million (household)，animalfarm blogas projects totaIed 3556(10cation)，munici-pal sew89e biogas purificati。n digestors totaled 140t

22、housand(10cation)，fuelefficient oven users 189 milIion(househokl)，solar energy ovens 6856 billion，s01ar energy power generators 86200， micro-hydropower generators 81200smaIl wind power systems105600， and stalk gasification for biogas supply5391州More investment will be made in 2007The quality grain i

23、ndustry prog姐m and the fertilefarmland program，both initiated in 2004，and currentagricultural modernization and new countrysidedeveIopment will give a full range boost to 89riculturalenglneering in China3 TechnicaI Experts and Technical Innov孙tion： Key Factors in Research and Development for Agricul

24、turaI EngineeringAs a subsidiay discipline of en gineeri“g science，89。icuhural engineering has formed a p“mary shapewith the multiple tier education system in pace fromhigh sch00l， college， Bachelors D。gree study，Masters Degree study， to PhD d。gree stud y InChina，the agricultural e“gineeri“g Bachelo

25、rs Degreeprogram is set up in over 70 higher education instit小tions，the PhD d。gree program is conferred as first1evel discipline in four universities，as secondary discipIine in 17 sites of 11 universities，the Masters Degree program is conferred as secondary discipline in 62sites of 38 universities a

26、nd fesearch institutes，and fiveseconda。y disciplines in four universities are approvedas national key laboratories“ This development i8geerally am。“g the leadi“g position in developi“gcountriesIn recent ten years，academic excha“ge andcooperation are very active both wjthin China andinternationalIy w

27、ith certain impactCurrently，thereare 73 kinds of literature and journals on agriculturaIe“gineering， includi“g 14 core journals A surveyshow5 that 9149 papers on agricultural e“gineeri“gwere DublIshed in 2005 in ChinaIn China，generally speaki“g，the research fields ofagricultural e“gineeri“g can be s

28、ummarized into thefollowi“g aspectS【l“：万方数据 万方数据第9期 朱明；中国农业工程的发展经验 273ity in China only equals to 1108 of that in Canada，or c hinery has already formedTransregional operation1120 of that in the Untied StatesIt is very difficult of 89ricultural machine。y ha8 given full pIay to thefor the surpIus labo

29、r forces in ruraJ afeas to seek fundamentaf role of the market in resource ailocation，employmentNow there are 150 million surplus labor avoided repeated purfhase of similar equipment，enforces in rural areas， and evey year there add 6 hanced the o。ganizatlonal level and efficiency of 89rimmion labor

30、force in rural areas of China州Now tra cultural machinerv，acilitated the Dfocess of commerditional mode of 89“cultural production cannot solve cializat；on and indust“allzation of a异ricuhufal machinthe abovementioned problems and can no lo“ger meet ery service，provided a mode suitable for China to Pro

31、the requirement of agricultural development The mote agricultural mechanization and also created amodernization of China u。gently requires the majo“ty g。od condition for the complete and rapid developmentof farmers to stoP doi“g traditional farm work，and of socialized 89ricultural machinery service

32、and agrifarmers also would like to get theIr income increased cultural mechanization in the futureand to enjoy modern way of life ltke urban residents The use of agricultural machine。y has effectivelyTherefore， all of these factors require agricuhural enhanced output rate per unit area。f landFor exa

33、mgrowth modes and oganization forms of farmers to be ple，in North China，because of mechanized agricultransformedThat is to say，China must take the road tural production， wheat and corn production hasof agricultural industrialization and enhance the oga changed from three crops in two years to two cr

34、ops innjzational 1evel of farmers，which brjngs forward ob one year，and the multiple croppi“g index has alsojective requirements and u。gent needs for the develop been increasedSubsoiling techniques have made thement of agricultural enginee“g in China outputs of corn，wheat，s。ybean and cotton increased

35、Let us see a typical examPle In recent years， by 19，12，9and 55，re8PectivelyReturni“goganizations and individuals that provide 89ricultural of croP straws under the application of farm mechamachinery services have been developi“g rapidly in nization has made the output increased by 5China New types o

36、f organizational forms，such as 2910agricultural machinery cooperation and agricultural The use of agriculturaI machiney ha8 greatlymachinery limited company，continue to appear In reduced the 1abor cost for the production of agricultu卜termediary agencies，associations and brokers also de a1 products F

37、or example，in the south of China，avelop rapldIy By 2005，the totaI number of various rice harvester is able to do the work of more than 200kinds of agricuItural machinery cooperative organiza laborers，which may save the cost by 1050 RMBhm。tions(including indiV|duals to prov_de agricultural ma Compare

38、d with manual harvest， mechanization ofchinery services)had reached 33863 million，and the wheat harvest can reduce the c08t by 450500 RMBtotal jncome fmm 89ricuhural machinery servjces had hm21州The use of agricultural machinery has aJso rereached 2606 b|llion yuan1州 The development of a duced the in

39、put of agricultufal production material，gricultural machiney serVice o。ganization8 has furthef therefore reducing production cost For example，adenhanced the。ganizational level of agricultural ma vanced seedi“gmac hines are able to do the work ofchinery service and the prosperity of the agricultural

40、see di“g and fertilization at precise depths and nummachinery marketservice items have developed from bers，which may save seeds by 3050comparedsingle kind of service to int。grated and full service， with ordinary seedi“gmachinesand the content of 89ricultural mac hinery service has The use of 89ricul

41、tu珀l machinery may effectivelyextended from midharvest to pre-harvest and post save water，fertilizer，seeds，pesticides and energy，hafvest，and from plantl“g industry to animal hus realize integrated utilizatlon of resources，and promotebandry and post_harvest di5posal and processing of a sustainabIe de

42、velopment of agriculture and the develgricultural products The economic benefits keep opment of recycles economy in rural areasFor exam一丘rowing and the market order also impmves By and ple，in the north of Chma，compared with traditionallarge，a s盘ialized serVice 8ystem for agricultural ma surface irri

43、gation，spray ir“gation may save 1312万方数据 万方数据第9期 朱明：中国农业工程的发展经验 275 Prom。tmg the popuIarization and application。fadvanced agriculturaI technology，and int。gration andcoIlabofation by usi“g agricuhural scientific andtechnological achievement8；Enhancing farmerscapacityfPromoti“g the efflciency of resou

44、rce utilization；Enhanci“g Iabor productivity； Promoti“g the transf。rmati。n。f modes of 89ricultural produc“on； Enhancing c。mpetitiveness of agrjcultural products Promoti“g onthespot transference of surpIuslabor force in rural areas and the increase of farmersincOme； Promoti“g environmental protection

45、 and ecoIogical constructionReferenc姻j1 Jiang zemin，BuiId a welloff 50ciety in an aIl round wayand create a new s“uation in bujIding socialism with Chinese characterlRticsRThe report at the 16th NattonalCo“g。es日ofthe Communist Party of China(CPC)Nov8，2002，2 wa“g MaohuaDevel印ment of precislon 89ricul

46、ture andinnovation of e“gineerl“g techologies口Transactions ofthe Chtnese society of Agficultural E“gineerl雌(CSAE)，1999，15(1)：l一8g(jn Chinese with English abstract)3wang MaohuaBridge of 89眦ultufal moderllizationMJinan：shando”g Science and Techno】ogy Press2001(jnChlnese)4 T且o Di“glai AgnculturaI E“g【n

47、eeri“g in chjn丑M&iji“g：China AgricuItural Press，2002(in ChIncse)5 z11a“g Baowen Devel0Pment of 89ricultural eogineeri“gin chinaR Preceedi”98 of 2004 cIGR Internationalconfe唧es，Beji”g，Oct1114，20046 zhu Mi“g Promoti“g the innovation of 89multurale“gineering$cience and technology，bui】ding new sociali8t

48、countryside of chlnaJ Transactions of the chineseSoclety ofAgricultural E“gineerj“g(CSAE)，2006，22(6)j192196(in Chinese with E“glish abstract)7 zhu Mi“g Innovation of agficultufal e“91neering scienceand technoiogles and 89ricultural industriaIization in China口 Transactions。f the chlnese soclety of Ag兀cuIturalE“gineeri“g(CSAE)2003，19(1)：710(in Chine8ewith English abstract)8 zhu Mi“gDbvelopment and pr03pect of agriculturaI e“gin盹ri“g in chlnaJTransactlons of the chi啷e socieyof Agricuitural En画neeri“g (cSAE)t 2003， 19($uppl