2022研究生入学考试英语.docx

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1、2022研究生入学考试英语2022年探讨生入学考试英语2022年探讨生入学考试英语( 一 )真题及参考答案Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text .Choose the word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET .(10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clari

2、ty are not what they used to be .We suddenly cant rememberthe keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintances name, or the name of an old band we used to love .As the brain we refer to these occurrences an “senior moments.”Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showi

3、ng that theres actually a lot that can be done .It much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental can significantly improve our basic cognitive .Thinking is essentially a of making marking the made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and“brain trainin

4、g program” designed to actually help people improve and regain theirattention skills. The program keeps of your progress and provides detailed feedback your performance and improvement .Most importantly, it modifies and enhances the games you play to on the strengths you are and vary your muscle use

5、 . 1. Awhere 2. Aimproves 3. A If 4. Auneven 5. Awellbeing 6. Aturns 7. Aroundabouts 8. AgenreBwhen Bfades B Unless Blimited Benvironment Bfinds Bresponses BfunctionsCthat Crecovers C Once Cdamaging Crelationship Cpoints Cworkouts Ccircumstances Dwhy Dcollapses D While Dobscure Doutlook DfiguresDass

6、ociations Dcriterion9. Achannel 10. Apersist 11. A Therefore 12. Aaccording to 13. Aback 14. Asharpness 15. Aforces 16. Ahold 17. Ato 18. Airregularly 19. Acarry 20. AriskyBcondition Bbelieve B Moreover Bregardless of Bfurther Bstability Breminds Btrack Bwith Bhabitually Bput BeffectiveCsequence Cex

7、celC Otherwise Capart from Caside Cframework Churries Corder Cfor Cconstantly Cbuild CidleDprocess DfeatureD However Dinstead of Daround Dflexibility Dallows Dpace DonDunusually Dtake DfamiliarSection 2 Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below e

8、ach text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1In order to "change lives for the better" and reduce "dependency", George Osbome, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the "upfront work search" scheme. Only if the jobless ar

9、rive at the jobcentre with a CV. register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit - and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the

10、jobseekers allowance. "There first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on." he4 claimed, "Were doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster." Help? Really? On first hearing, this w

11、as the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with "reforms" to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for

12、"fundamental fairness" - protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you dont skip down to the job centre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from

13、 the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are nowexcluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to fee

14、d yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always : a job.But in Osbomeland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency - permanent dependency if you can get it - supported by a state only too ready to indulge your f

15、alsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even

16、the very phrase "jobseekers allowance" is about redefining the unemployed as a "jobseeker" who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited "allowance," conditio

17、nal on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at $71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21. George Osbornes scheme was intended toAprovide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.Bencourage jobseekers active engagement in job seeking.Cmotivate the unemployed to re

18、port voluntarily.Dguarantee jobseekers legitimate right to benefits.22. The phrase “to sign on “most probably meansAto check on the availability of jobs at the job centre.Bto accept the governments restriction on the allowance.Cto register for an allowance form the government.Dto attend a government

19、 job-training program.23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?A A desire to secure a better life for allB An eagerness to protect the unemployed.C An urge to be generous to the claimants.D A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24.According to Paragraph 3，being unemployed makes on

20、e feelAuneasyBenragedCinsultedDguilty25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree?AThe British welfare system indulges jobseekers laziness.BOsbornes reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.CThe jobseekers allowance has met their actual needs.DUnemployment benefits should n

21、ot be made conditional.Text2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession -with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis spen

22、ding on legal services in America grew twice as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big -firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort syste

23、m a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the Amer

24、ican Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves todays average law-school graduate with $1000,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sens

25、ible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the

26、bar exam is truly a stem enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the bu

27、siness. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyer

28、s from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technolog

29、y and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms efficiency.After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing there legal professions. America should follow.26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due toAthe growing demand from client

30、s.Bthe increasing pressure of inflation.Cthe prospect of working in big firms.Dthe attraction of financial rewards.27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?A Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.B Admissions approval from the bar association.C

31、Pursuing a bachelors degree in another major.D Receiving training by professional associations.28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates fromA lawyers and clients strong resistance.Bthe rigid bodies governing the profession.Cthe stern exam for would-be lawyers.D non-professionals sh

32、arp criticism.29. The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive” partly because itA bans outsiders involvement in the profession.Bkeeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.Caggravates the ethical situation in the trade.Dprevents lawyers from gaining due profits.30. In this text, the

33、 author mainly discussesA flawed ownership of Americas law firms and causes.Bthe factors that help make a successful lawyer in American.C a problem in Americas legal profession and solutions to it.D the role of undergraduate studies in Americas legal education.Text 3The USS3-millon Fundamental Physi

34、cs Prize is indeed an interesting experiment as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this years award in Mach And it is far from the only one of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize are funded from the telephone-n

35、umber-sized bank accounts of internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.Whats not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News F

36、eature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distortthe status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fu

37、nd peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed before, there are s

38、ome legitimate concerns about how science prizes both new and old are distributed. The breakthrough prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundations limit of limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must

39、still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had de

40、cided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing tha

41、t the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism that is the culture of research, after all but it is the prize-givers money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31. The Fundamental phy

42、sics Prize is seen asAa symbol of the entrepreneurs wealthBa possible replacement of the Nobel PrizesCan example of bankers investmentsDa handsome reward for researchers32. The critics think that the new awards will most benefitAthe profit-oriented scientistsBthe founders of the new awardsCthe achie

43、vement-based systemDpeer-review-led research33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involvesAcontreversies over the recipients statusBthe joint effort of modern researchersClegitimate concerns over the new prizesDthe demonstration of research findings34. According to Paragraph4,

44、 which of the following is true of the Nobels?ATheir endurance has done justice to themBTheir legitimacy has long been in disputeCThey are the most representative honorDHistory has never cast doubt on them35. the author believes that the now awards areAacceptable despite the criticismBharmful to the

45、 culture of researchCsubject to undesirable changesDunworthy of public attentionText 4“The Heart of the Matter, ”the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS)， deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and secu

46、rity of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the reports failure to address the true nature of the critics facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2022, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent liners to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could

47、 be taken by“federal, atste and local”to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.”In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commissions 51members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music an