牛津英语虚拟语气.ppt

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1、虚拟语气虚拟语气 The Subjunctive Mood虚拟语气虚拟语气 1） 概念概念 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。2） 在条件句中的应用在条件句中的应用 条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。1 真实条件句真实条件句 真实条件句用于陈述语气，假

2、设的情况可能发生，真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中其中 if 是如果的意思。是如果的意思。时态关系时态关系句型：句型： 条件从句条件从句 主句主句 一般现在时一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形动词原形If he comes, he will bring his violin.The volleyball match will be put off if it _. A.will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained答案答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。从句用一般现在时。注意：注意：1） 在

3、真实条件句中，主句不能用在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用表示将来，该用shall, will. (错错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. (对对) If you leave now, you will never regret it.2） 表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。在时的动词形式。2 非真实条件句非真实条件句 1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是）时

4、态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。时态退后。a. 同现在事实相反的假设。同现在事实相反的假设。句型句型 ： 条件从句主句条件从句主句 一般过去时一般过去时should( would) +动词原形动词原形 If they were here, they would help you.b. 表示于过去事实相反的假设。表示于过去事实相反的假设。句型：句型： 条件从句条件从句 主句主句过去完成时过去完成时 should(would) have+ 过去分词过去分词 If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.The ri

5、ce would not have been burnt if you had been more careful. If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going. If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.含义：含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.If he had not been ill and mis

6、sed many classes, he would have made greater progress.含义：含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.c. 表示对将来的假想表示对将来的假想句型：句型： 条件从句条件从句 主句主句 一般过去时一般过去时 should+ 动词原形动词原形 were+ 不定式不定式 would + 动词原形动词原形should+ 动词原形动词原形 If you succeeded, everything would be all right.If yo

7、u should succeed, everything would be all right.If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.3 混合条件句混合条件句 主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相

8、反。）（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）If it had rained last night (过去过去), it would be very cold today (现在现在).4 虚拟条件句的倒装虚拟条件句的倒装 虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或或had, 可将可将if省略，再把省略，再把were, should或或had 移到从句句首，实移到从句句首，实行倒装。行倒装。Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help

9、 us.Had you come earlier, you would have met him=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.Should it rain, the crops would be saved.=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved. =If it should rain,the crops would be saved. =If it were to rain,the crops would be saved.注意：注意： 在虚拟语气的从句中，动词在虚拟语气的从句中

10、，动词be的过去时态一律用的过去时态一律用were，不用，不用was， 即在从句中即在从句中be用用were代替。代替。If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。如果我是你，就会去找他。If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。典型例题典型例题_ to do the work, I should do it some other day.A. If were I B. I wereC. Were ID. Was I 答

11、案答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三这三个词个词主语提前主语提前, 变成变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能而不能说说 Werent I to do.5 特殊的虚拟语气词：特殊的虚拟语气词：should 1） It is demanded / necessary / a pity + t

12、hat结构中的主语从结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形，加动词原形， should 可省略。可省略。句型：句型：(1)suggestedIt is (2)importantthat+ (should) do(3) a pity(1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted； + (should) do (2)important, necessary, natural, strangea pity, a shame, no wonder.(3)It is sugg

13、ested that we (should) hold a meeting next week. It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.2）在宾语从句中的应用）在宾语从句中的应用在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。从句中。order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) do I suggest that we (should) hold a

14、 meeting next week. He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.注意：注意： 如如suggest, insist不表示不表示建议建议 或或坚持要坚持要某人做某事时某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意，即它们用于其本意暗示、表明暗示、表明、坚持认为坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。时，宾语从句用陈述语气。The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.判断改错判断改错: You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill. Your

15、 pale face suggests that you are ill. I insisted that you ( should) be wrong. I insisted that you were wrong.（F）(T)(F)(T)3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用在在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（即（should）+动词原形。动词原形。 My idea is that we (should

16、) get more people to attend the conference. I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.6 wish的用法的用法 1）用于）用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为： 真实状况真实状况wish后后 从句动作先于主句动词动作现在时过去时从句动作先于主句动词动作现在时过去时（be的过去式为的过去式为 were） 从句动作与主句动作同时发

17、生过去时过去完成时从句动作与主句动作同时发生过去时过去完成时（had + 过去分词）过去分词）将来不大可能实现的愿望将来时将来不大可能实现的愿望将来时would/could +动词原形动词原形I wish I were as tall as you.我希望和你一样高。我希望和你一样高。He wished he hadnt said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。他希望他没讲那样的话。I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨我希望明天下雨就好了。就好了。2）wish to do表达法。表达法。 wish sb / sth to doI wish to se

18、e the manager. = I want to see the manager.I wish the manager to be informed at once. = I want the manager to be informed at once.7 比较比较if only与与only if only if表示表示只有只有；if only则表示则表示如果如果就好了就好了。If only也可用于陈述语气。也可用于陈述语气。I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。If only the alarm

19、 clock had rung.当时闹钟响了，就好了。当时闹钟响了，就好了。If only he comes early.但愿他早点回来但愿他早点回来. 8. It is (high) time that It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用动词要用过去式或用should加动词原加动词原形，但形，但should不可省略。不可省略。It is time that the children went to bed.It is high time that the children should go to bed.9 need 不必做不必做和

20、和本不该做本不该做 didnt need to do表示：表示： 过去不必做某事过去不必做某事, 事实上也没事实上也没做。做。.neednt have done表示：表示： 过去不必做某事过去不必做某事, 但事但事实上做了。实上做了。John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didnt need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。John went to the station with the car to meet Mary

21、, so she neednt have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，没有遇上步行回家，没有遇上John的车。的车。)典型例题典型例题There was plenty of time. She _. A. mustnt have hurried B. couldnt have hurriedC. must not hurry D. neednt have hurried答案答案D。neednt have done. 意为意为本不必本不必，即已，即已经做了某事，而实际上不必要。经做了某事，而实际上不必要。mustnt have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为事情进行否定性推断应为couldnt have done, 不可能已经不可能已经。 must not do 不可以（用于一般不可以（用于一般现在时）现在时）