心理神经免疫学的新发展-苏朝霞.pdf
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1、河北师范大学硕士学位论文心理神经免疫学的新发展姓名:苏朝霞申请学位级别:硕士专业:基础心理学指导教师:闫克乐20000501心理神经免疫学的新发展摘要免疫学经历了由浅入深、由简单到复杂的一个发展过程。最早的免疫是从16世纪由中国医生用人痘苗预防天花开始,Jenner(1798)用接种牛痘苗的办法预防天花,以后才陆续出现了细菌免疫学说、体液免疫学说,及过敏反应的概念。然后相继出现免疫耐受和自身免疫耐受学说,阐明免疫球蛋白的基因结构和确立免疫系统的概念,以及对免疫应答进行的研究。免疫系统是动物和人类最重要的防御系统,它保护机体不受传染病和肿瘤的侵袭。近来研究表明,高级神经精神活动也能调节免疫系统并
2、能改变它对自身和外界入侵者的反应能力。人们还发现,人体内三大系统神经系统、内分泌系统和免疫系统是相互作用、密不可分的。随着研究的深入,心理神经免疫学这一边缘科学得到了迅速发展。有关心理神经免疫的研究,主要包括条件反射性免疫、脑损伤性免疫、应激与免疫、激素与免疫、免疫激活与大脑反应等,其中最活跃的研究是应激与免疫和行为免疫。“应激”(Stress)一词的原意是指一个系统在外力作用下,竭尽全力对抗时的超负荷过程。应激分为生理性应激、物理性应激和心理性应激。关于各类应激造成的免疫功能下降已有大量的报道。另有研究表明负性心境的人其免疫球蛋白I啦和自然杀伤细胞(NK)的反应低于正性心境的人,甚至模拟情绪
3、也能改变正常的免疫功能。但应激对免疫功能的影响是十分复杂的。垂体一肾上腺皮质系统的激活可能是应激造成免疫功能变化的重要原因之一。新近工作表明,轻度应激时机体肾上腺皮质激素少量增加,能提高免疫功能,而严重性应激时肾上腺皮质激素大量增加时抑制免疫;除此之外,还有所谓“非垂体一肾上腺”对免疫功能也起调节作用;如:儿茶酚胺以及垂体分泌的ACTH,p一内啡肽及其它激素和递质(如生长激素、生乳素、P物质对免疫都有调节作用)。也有证明血液中可产生一种免疫抑制因子,可能是应激时机体免疫功能降低,抵抗力下降的某种物质基础。行为免疫是心理免疫学研究中最令人注目的研究领域,它用改变行为的方法对免疫功能进行调整,它是
4、一种条件反射性免疫。一些免疫学者研究认为,积极的心理行为干预虽不能彻底治疗疾病,但对提高免疫力改善人的生活质量是有作用的。本文通过详查自90年以来的几百篇文献,使我们看到:一、心理神经免疫学的发展为人们对体内的变化提供了新的认识,为网络理论奠定了基础,也纠正了人们一些传统观念;二、它为提高人的免疫力找到了新途径。THE NEW DEVELOPMENT IN PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOOYABSTRACT3Immunology has undergone a complicatedprocess from the easy to the difficultThe earliestim
5、munity prevented smallpox by Chinese doctors,was started from 1 500SThenJenner(1798)preventedsmallpox by being vaccinated。After that the theory ofbacterial immunity,body fluid immunity and theconcept of allergic reaction were put forwardFollowing them,the theory of immunologic tolerancewas advanced
6、in successionThe genie structure ofimmunoglobulin was explainedThe concept ofimmunological system and the research of immuneresponse were establishedImmunological system is the most defensive systemof animal and human beingwhich protects body frominvading and attacking by infecfions disease andtumou
7、rIn recent research high level of nervousmental activity iS alSO able to regulate immunologicalsystem and alter the reaction capacity of its self andoutside invadersThe three big system-nervoussystem,endocrine system and immunological systemare found to be hard separatedAs the scientificadvance,fron
8、tier subject-psychoneuroimmunologyhas been developedThe research about psychoneuroimmunity mainlyincludes conditional reflex immunitybrain damageimmunity,immunity,The mostimmunity,stress and immunity,hormone andimmunoactivation and brain reaction,,etcactive research of them iS stress andand behaviou
9、ral immunityThe original34meaning of the wordstressrefers to an overloadedprocess of a system sparing no effort to resist underoutside power Stress can be elassified intophysiological stress,physical stress and psychologicalstressDeclined immune function caused by a varietyof stress has been,largely
10、 reported-Another researchshows that the person in negative mood reacts slowerthan the one who is in positive mood inimmunoglobulin IgA and natural killing cells(NKC),even the imitating mood Can also change the normalimmune function,but the influence of stress toimmunefunction iS very complicatedThe
11、 activationof pituitarVadrenal gland cortex system may be isone of the important reasons that the stress causes thechange of immune functionRecently,our work haspresented that when the stress iS lightthe cortexhormone of bodv adrenal gland has a small amounntof increase and it improves immune functi
12、onbut ifthe stress iS serious and the cortex hormone of bodvadrenal gland increases in a great amount,it suppressimmunityIn addition to thisS0 called“nonpituitary-adrenal gland” alSO regulates immune functionForexample:catecholamine and ATCH secreted bypituitaryBendorphin and other neurotransmitters
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