2011考研：历年真题来源报刊阅读50篇连载.doc

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1、2011考研：历年真题来源报刊阅读50篇连载(3)3. A meaty question(The Economists Sep 21st, 2006)IF YOU have ever longed for a meat substitute that smelt and tasted like the real thing, but did not involve killing an animal, then your order could be ready soon. Researchers believe it will soon be possible to grow culture

2、d meat in quantities large enough to offer the meat industry an alternative source of supply.Growing muscle cells (the main component of meat) in a nutrient broth is easy. The difficulty is persuading those cells to form something that resembles real meat. Paul Kosnik, the head of engineering at a f

3、irm called Tissue Genesis, is hoping to do it by stretching the cells with mechanical anchors. This encourages them to form small bundles surrounded by connective tissue, an arrangement similar to real muscle.Robert Dennis, a biomedical engineer at the University of North Carolina, believes the secr

4、et of growing healthy muscle tissue in a laboratory is to understand how it interacts with its surroundings. In nature, tissues exist as elements in a larger system and they depend on other tissues for their survival. Without appropriate stimuli from their neighbours they degenerate. Dr Dennis and h

5、is team have been working on these neighbourly interactions for the past three years and report some success in engineering two of the most importantthose between muscles and tendons, and muscles and nerves.At the Touro College School of Health Sciences in New York, Morris Benjaminson and his team a

6、re working on removing living tissue from fish, and then growing it in culture. This approach has the advantage that the tissue has a functioning system of blood vessels to deliver nutrients, so it should be possible to grow tissue cultures more than a millimetre thickthe current limit.Henk Haagsman

7、, a meat scientist at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, is trying to make minced pork from cultured stem cells with the backing of Stegeman, a sausage company. It could be used in sausages, burgers and sauces.But why would anyone want to eat cultured meat, rather than something freshly s

8、laughtered and just off the bone? One answer, to mix metaphors, is that it would allow vegetarians to have their meatloaf and eat it too. But the sausage-meat project suggests another reason: hygiene. As Ingrid Newkirk of PETA, an animal-rights group, puts it, “no one who considers whats in a meat h

9、ot dog could genuinely express any revulsion at eating a clean cloned meat product.”Cultured meat could be grown in sterile conditions, avoiding Salmonella, E. coli, Campylobacter and other nasties. It could also be made healthier by adjusting its compositionintroducing heart-friendly omega3 fatty a

10、cids, for example. You could even take a cell from an endangered animal and, without threatening its extinction, make meat from it. Giant-panda steak, anyone?1. The word “resemble” (line 2, paragraph 2) most probably means .A look like B differ C excel D substitute2. Robert Dennis thinks the secret

11、of growing healthy muscle tissue in a laboratory is the relationship between .A muscles and tendons B muscles and nervesC muscles and surroundings D muscles and animals3. What is the advantage of removing living tissues and culture them?A It makes the color and taste of cultured meat better.B Meat c

12、ultured in this way is similar to real meat.C Meat cultured in this way can be used in more kinds of food.D It is likely to grow tissues more than a millimeter thick.4. Cultured meat is better than something freshly slaughtered because it .A allows vegetarians far away from meatB is cleaner and heal

13、thierC tastes much betterD can be made from cells of all endangered animals5. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?A Cultured meat will not involve killing animals.B Many efforts have been done to culture meat.C Most vegetarians long for special meatloaf.D It is possible

14、 to have panda steak in the future.考研词汇substituten.代用品,代替品;v.(for)代替,替换真题例句 In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute (n.) for imaginative thought.1999年阅读5例句精译 在和一些科学家,特别是年轻科学家交谈时,你可能会有这样一种印象：他们认为“科学方

15、法”可以代替创造性思维。resemblev.像,类似tissuen.织物,薄绢,纸巾;(动、植物的)组织stretchv.拉长,延伸;n.一段时间,一段路程;延伸真题例句 It is a remarkable record, stretching (v.) back over 70 yearsyet the BBCs future is now in doubt.1996年阅读2例句精译 七十多年来,BBC可谓历程辉煌,然而现在,BBC的未来却令人疑虑。vesseln.容器,器皿;船,舰;管,血管真题例句 Todays vessels () can find their prey using

16、satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago.2006年阅读3例句精译 今天的渔船能够使用五十年前没有的卫星和声纳来追踪他们的猎物。slaughtern.屠宰,残杀,屠杀;v.屠宰,残杀,屠杀背景常识介绍荷兰科学家取得了一项用细胞“培育”肉类,并出售给人类食用的计划的专利权。阿姆斯特丹大学皮肤学专家维特韦斯特霍夫称,可以用在实验室的培养皿中培育皮肤细胞的方法来培育肌肉组织。出售这种在实验室中培育的肉类将使大量动物免遭屠宰。韦斯特霍夫正在寻求投资者。他认为,可以在容积为5000升的巨型培养池中培育每块至少50克的现成瘦肉块

17、。他和另外两位商人在全球很多地方都取得了这项计划的专利权。专利证书称赞这种肉没有脂肪和软骨。猪、牛、鸡、袋鼠和鲸鱼的细胞全都可以使用。这项计划仍需改进,因为迄今的试验结果显示,细胞要23天才能增加一倍。答案及解析1.词汇题【正确答案】A有了问题便有研究来解决问题，注意本段最后一句讲述研究成果时提到an arrangement similar to real muscle，即可推知答案。2.细节事实题【正确答案】C根据第三段第一句.believes the secret of growing healthy muscle tissue in a laboratory is to understa

18、nd how it interacts with its surroundings.可知C是正确答案。3.细节事实题【正确答案】D第四段最后一句This approach has the advantage that.so it should be possible to grow tissue cultures more than a millimetre thickthe current limit.明确指出了摘取新鲜细胞进行培育的优 点。4.推理题【正确答案】B文中最后两段讲到人工肉的优点，即更干净更健康，因此选B。由倒数第二段第二句可知A错误，C、D未提及。5.判断题【正确答案】CC的

19、内容文章未提及，A、B、D的内容分别可以在第一段第一句、第六段最后一句、最后一段最后一句中提及。Text 1Before 1965 many scientists pictured the circulation of the oceans water mass as consisting of large, slow-moving currents, such as the Gulf Stream. That view, based on 100 years of observations made around the globe, produced only a rough approx

20、imation of the true circulation. But in the 1950s and the 1960s, researchers began to employ newly developed techniques and equipment, including subsurface floats that move with ocean currents and emit identification signals, and oceancurrent meters that record data for months at fixed locations in

21、the ocean. These instruments disclosed an unexpected level of variability in the deep ocean. Rather than being characterized by smooth, large-scale currents that change seasonally (if at all), the seas are dominated by what oceanographers call mesoscale fields: fluctuating, energetic flows whose vel

22、ocity can reach ten times the mean velocity of the major currents.Mesoscale phenomenathe oceanic analogue of weather systemsoften extend to distances of 100 kilometers and persist for 100 days (weather systems generally extend about 1,000 kilometers and last 3 to 5 days in any given area). More than

23、 90 percent of the kinetic energy of the entire ocean may be accounted for by mesoscale variability rather than by largescale currents. Mesoscale phenomena may, in fact, play a significant role in oceanic mixing, air-sea interactions, and occasionalbut far-reachingclimatic events such as El Nino, th

24、e atmospheric-oceanic disturbance in the equatorial Pacific that affects global weather patterns.Unfortunately, it is not feasible to use conventional techniques to measure mesoscale fields. To measure them properly, monitoring equipment would have to be laid out on a grid at intervals of at most 50

25、 kilometers, with sensors at each grid point lowered deep in the ocean and kept there for many months. Because using these techniques would be prohibitively expensive and timeconsuming, it was proposed in 1979 that tomography be adapted to measuring the physical properties of the ocean. In medical t

26、omography X-rays map the human bodys density variations (and hence internal organs); the information from the X-rays, transmitted through the body along many different paths, is recombined to form three-dimensional images of the bodys interior. It is primarily this multiplicative increase in data ob

27、tained from the multipath transmission of signals that accounts for oceanographers attraction to tomography: it allows the measurement of vast areas with relatively few instruments. Researchers reasoned that low-frequency sound waves, because they are so well described mathematically and because eve

28、n small perturbations in emitted sound waves can be detected, could be transmitted through the ocean over many different paths and that the properties of the oceans interiorits temperature, salinity, density, and speed of currentscould be deduced on the basis of how the ocean altered the signals. Th

29、eir initial trials were highly successful, and ocean acoustic tomography was born. (460 words)1. According to the passage, scientists are able to use ocean acoustic tomography to deduce the properties of the oceans interior in part because .A density variations in the ocean are mathematically predic

30、table.B mesoscale phenomena are so large as to be easily detectable.C information from sound waves can be recombined more easily than information from X-rays.D low-frequency sound waves are well described mathematically.2. Which of the following is most similar to medical tomography as it is describ

31、ed in the passage?A The use of earthquake shock-wave data collected at several different locations and combined to create a three-dimensional image of the Earths interior.B The use of ocean-current meters to determine the direction and velocity of the oceans mesoscale fields.C The use of a grid-poin

32、t sensory system to map global weather patterns.D The use of subsurface floats to map large-scale circulation in the ocean.3. Which of the following best describes the organization of the third paragraph of the passage?A An argument is advanced, then refuted, and an alternative is suggested.B Opposi

33、ng views are presented, elaborated, and then reconciled.C A problem is described, then a solution is discussed and its effectiveness is affirmed.D A theory is proposed, considered and then amended.4. Which of the following, if presented as the first sentence of a succeeding paragraph, would most log

34、ically continue the discussion presented in the passage?A Ships are another possibility, but they would need to stop every 50 kilometers to lower measuring instruments.B To understand how ocean acoustic tomography works, it is necessary to know how sound travels in the ocean.C Timekeeping in medical

35、 tomography must be precise because the changes in travel time caused by density fluctuations are slight.D These variations amount to only about 2 to 3 percent of the average speed of sound in water, which is about 1500 meters per second.5. The author mentions EL Nino primarily in order to emphasize

36、 .A the difficulty of measuring the oceans largescale currents.B the variability of mesoscale phenomena.C the brief duration of weather patterns.D the possible impact of mesoscale fields on weather conditions.核心词汇circulation n. 流通,循环,发行量identify v.识别;(with)把和看成一样,打成一片dominate v. 支配,占优势mesoscale n. &

37、 a.气 中尺度(的) ,中等规模的fluctuate v. 变动,上下,动摇 v. 使动摇velocity n. 速度,速率phenomenon n. 现象(pl.phenomena)equatorial a. 近赤道的,赤道的prohibitive a. 禁止的,抑制的,类同禁止的conventional a. 普通的,常见的,习惯的,常规的feasible a. 可行的,可能的tomography n. 断层摄影术salinity n. 盐浓度,盐分density n. 密度acoustic a. 美声的，听觉的,音感教育,音响学的难句剖析1. But in the 1950s and

38、the 1960s, researchers began to employ newly developed techniques and equipment, including subsurface floats that move with ocean currents and emit identification signals, and ocean-current meters that record data for months at fixed locations in the ocean.【解析】 这是一个复合句。 本句的主干结构为researchers began to

39、employ techniques and equipment; that move signals 和that record data in the ocean 均为定语从句，先行词分别是floats 和meters，floats 和meters 为并列成分。【译文】 但是到了二十世纪五六十年代，研究者们开始使用新技术和新设备进行研究，其中包括：能够跟随洋流移动并发射出辨识信号的水下漂流仪器和能够在海洋中的一个固定地点持续数月纪录数据的洋流仪表。2. Mesoscale phenomena may, in fact, play a significant role in oceanic mi

40、xing, airsea interactions, and occasionalbut far-reachingclimatic events such as El Nino, the atmospheric-oceanic disturbance in the equatorial Pacific that affects global weather patterns.【解析】 这是一个复合句。 句子结构为Mesoscale phenomena may, in fact, play a significant role in;in fact 是插入语;interactions和clima

41、te events 是并列成分;that affects global weather patterns 是定语从句，修饰disturbance.【译文】 事实上，紊流现象可能在空气和海洋的互相影响中扮演了重要角色，也在一些偶尔发生但却影响深远的气候现象中扮演重要角色，比如厄尔尼诺就是这样一种在赤道太平洋地区通过大气和海洋的相互干扰来影响全球气候的现象。3. It is primarily this multiplicative increase in data obtained from the multipath transmission of signals that accounts

42、for oceanographers attraction to tomography: it allows the measurement of vast areas with relatively few instruments.【解析】 这是一个复合句。句子主干为 It is increasethat accounts for attraction; obtained fromsignals 为过去分词短语作定语，修饰data;冒号表示解释说明。【译文】 从信号的多条传输路径中获得的数据可以成倍增加，正是这一点说明了X射线断层射影技术引起海洋学家注意的原因：它可以使用较少的设备测量广大的

43、区域。文章类型：科普类紊流以及测量方法和意义这篇文章介绍了海洋中的紊流以及测量这一现象的意义和方法。试题解析1. 根据这篇文章，科学家们可以利用海洋声学断层推断海洋内部的部分性质是因为A 可以精确预计出海洋的密度变化。B 紊流现象很明显，很容易检测到。C 声波中的信息重组比X射线中的信息重组容易。D 可以从数学上很好的描绘低频率的声波。细节事实题【正确答案】D文章最后一段倒数第二句可知研究人员推理认为，低频声波可以通过不同的途径在海洋中传输，原因有二：首先，这种声波可以很好地从数学上加以描绘;其次，发出的声波中很小的变动也可以检测得到。因此，海洋的内部性质都可以在海洋如何改变信号的基础上推断出

44、来，海洋声波摄影术就这样诞生了。D为第一个原因的内容，所以正确;B选项与推断海洋内部性质没有必然的联系，故错误;文中虽然提到了将通过X射线得到的信息进行重新组合，形成有关身体内部结构的三维信息画面，但没有就此与来源于声波的信息进行比较，况且与本题干也没有必然联系，故C错误;A选项的内容文章未提及。2. 根据文章的描述，下列哪项跟医疗断层摄影术最相似?A 利用在不同地区采集到的地震波数据，组合成有关地球内部构造信息的三维画面。B 利用洋流剂量仪表确定海洋中尺度区域的风向和风速。C 利用方格格点传感系统绘制全球天气模式图。D 利用表面以下浮舟绘制海洋的大规模循环图。判断题【正确答案】A文章第三段提

45、到了医学X线断层摄影术。应用这种技术，可以使X射线绘制有关人体密度变化以及内部器官变化的信息图，人体通过多种不同途径传输给X射线的信息可以重新组合成有关人体内部构造的三维画面，因此A选项与医学X线断层摄影术原理相同;其他三项都与医学X线断层摄影术原理有差异，因此正确选项为A。3. 下列哪项能够最好地说明第三段的结构?A 先提出论点，然后予以驳斥，再提出可供选择的办法。B 先提出相反的观点，然后详细论述，再说服读者赞同。C 先描述问题，然后讨论解决方案，最后肯定方案的有效性。D 先提出理论，然后予以考虑，再做出修改。判断题【正确答案】C纵观第三段的内容，本段开头首先指出现在的问题，即利用传统技术

46、测量紊流现象并不可行，因为对于监控设备要求高，而且耗资耗时。接下来提到1975年提出了用于医疗诊断的X线断层摄影术在这方面的应用，可以借鉴这种技术解决当时技术中存在的问题，X线断层摄影术引起海洋学家的兴趣是因为这种技术可以利用相对较少的设备在大范围内开展测量工作。最初的尝试获得巨大成功也证实了这种技术的有效性，因此海洋声学X线断层摄影术便产生了。因此本段的结构应为：“先描述问题，然后讨论解决方案，最后肯定方案的有效性”，因此答案为C;其他三项错误。4. 如果说作为下面一段将要讲的第一句，最合乎逻辑的是 。A 船只也是一个选择，但他们必须每50公里停止一次以降低测量仪器的高度。B 为了理解海洋声

47、学X线断层摄影术是如何工作的，由必要了解声音在海洋中是如何传播的。C 医学断层的计时必须精确，因为变化的传播时间所造成的密度波动不大。D 这种变化在水中的时速大约只有百分之二到百分之三，大约是每秒1500米。判断题【正确答案】B第三段结尾处明确指出，海洋学家借鉴了医学上的X线断层摄影术，最初的尝试也获得了巨大成功，因此便诞生了海洋声学X线断层摄影术。由此推断，下一段的论述应该是针对这一技术的进一步描述，探讨其工作原理，所以B选项正确;A讨论的是在开展海洋科学研究中减少测量工具，即船只也是一种选择，这是在海洋声学X线断层摄影术没有产生之前研究人员探索的一种可能性;C讨论的是在医学上X线断层摄影术涉及的问题;D讨论的是声音在水中传播产生的变化。5. 作者提到厄尔尼诺主要是为了强调A 测量海洋的大规模洋流的难度。B 紊流现象的可变性。C 气候模式的持续期。D 紊流现象对于气象造成的影响。细节事实题【正确答案】D第二段结