林下层植被去除和凋落物去除对土壤微生物群落结构的影响_刘毓敏.docx
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1、EFFECTS OF UNDER STORY VEGETATIONREMOVAL AND LITTER REMOVAL ON SOILMICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTUREA Thesis Submitted tothe Graduate School of Henan Universityin Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree ofMaster of ScienceByYumin LiuSupervisor: Prof. Shiqiang WanJan, 2019摘要林下植被和凋落物共同维持森林生态
2、系统地上地下的养分分配,同时影响土壤微生 物群落结构稳定性。林下植被去除会减少林下植被对光的竞争,促进乔木生长。凋落物 去除会导致土壤失去保护层,加快土壤水分蒸发,同时减少土壤微生物底物供应。本研 究设计的控制实验位于中国亚热带-暖温带气候过渡区,以信阳市森林生态系统定位研 究站为依托,选择区域典型的落叶阔叶林为研究对象。根据实验地区针阔混交林的基本 特征,在森林里随机选取实验样地,并对实验样地进行四种处理:对照、林下植被去除、 凋落物去除、林下植被和凋落物去除,每种处理4次重复,共计16个样方。通过对土 壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的调查发现:林下植被去除导致土壤总碳含量和土壤总氮 含量分别减
3、少11.5%和15.7%,土壤有机碳含量下降12.76%,土壤可溶性有机碳含量没 有变化,NH4+-N含量减少11.7%,N3_-N含量增加14.59%。土壤微生物生物量碳含量 在林下植被去除处理下没有显著变化,土壤微生物生物量氮下降16.61%。林下植被去 除对土壤微生物群落结构无显著影响。土壤总碳含量在凋落物去除情况下无显著变化, 但是土壤总氮含量下降12.2%。凋落物去除导致土壤有机碳含量升高20.94%,但是凋 落物去除使土壤可溶性有机碳含量减少11.02%。凋落物去除分别降低NH4+-N含量和 N3_-N含量29.3%和39.07%。凋落物去除使土壤微生物生物量碳减少9.14%,凋落
4、物 去除使微生物生物量氮增加8.22%。微生物群落结构存在年际之间的变化。真菌、放线 菌、革兰氏阴性菌含量、真细菌比例和革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌比例在凋落物去除 条件下显著增加,革兰氏阳性菌含量减少。凋落物去除情况下,在2017年和2018年真 菌细菌比例显著增加0.03%和0.07%,同时革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌比例升高 0.19%。林下植被去除对土壤微生物群落结构没有影响,可能与根系对土壤的作用有关,也 有可能与根系对凋落物分解速率有关。凋落物去除改变土壤总碳含量、总氮含量以及土 壤有机碳含量,从而影响细菌和真菌对碳的同化速率。林下植被去除只是去除表层植被, 没有断根,根系数量和根系分
5、泌物继续维持土壤营养循环,供给微生物生长需要。凋落 物去除对微生物群落结构变化的影响充分说明了凋落物去除对土壤的影响是一个缓慢I过程。凋落物去除不能很快对土壤微生物产生影响。因此,林下层植被和凋落物去除两 种处理的交互作用对土壤微生物群落结构没有变化。林下植被和凋落物去除主要通过改 变土壤理化性质,进而改变微生物生物量碳和生物量氮,从而改变土壤微生物群落结构。 该项研究是对现有微生物群落结构试验的进一步补充和完善,为以后研究土壤微生物群 落结构对林下植被和凋落物去除的响应提供有力数据支撑。关键词:细菌,真菌,凋落物,林下植被IIABSTRACTUnder story vegetation an
6、d litter together maintain nutrient allocation between aboveground and underground, and affect the stability of soil microbial community structure in forest ecosystems. The understory vegetation removal can reduce the competition of understory vegetation to light and promote the tree growth. Litter
7、removal can accelerate the evaporation and reduce the input of soil organic matter, thus suppress soil microbial activity. Afield experiment with removal of understory plant and/or litter was conducted in a deciduous broadleaved forest of the subtropics-temperate transitional zone in Central China.
8、The experiment has four treatments: control, understory vegetation removal, litter removal, both understory vegetation and litter removal. A total of 16 sample plots were established with 4 replications for each treatment. Understory vegetation removal significantly decreased soil total carbon and s
9、oil total nitrogen by 11.5% and 15.7% and substantially reduced soil organic carbon by 12.76%, but soil dissolved organic carbon have no change under the understory vegetation removal. Understory vegetation removal significantly decreased NH4+-N by 12.76% but increased NO3-N by 14.59%, respectively.
10、 Soil organic carbon was increased by 20.94%, but soil dissolved organic carbon was reduced by 11.02% under the litter removal treatment. Under the litter removal treatment, NH4+-N and NO3-N was decreased by 29.3% and 39.07%, respectively. Soil microbial biomass carbon microbial biomass nitrogen wer
11、e decreased and increased by 9.14% and 8.22%, respectively, under the litter removal treatment. There was inter-annual variability in microbial community structure. The contents of fungi, actinomycetes, and gram-negative bacteria and the proportion of fungi to bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and g
12、ram-positive bacteria were significantly increased under the litter removal treatment, but gram-positive bacteria were decreased under the litter removal treatment. The litter removal treatment significantly increased the ratio of fungal toIIIbacteria by 0.03% and 0.07% in 2017 and 2018, and the rat
13、io of gram-negative bacteria to gram-positive bacteria by 0.19% in 2018.The study indicates that the little effect of understory vegetation removal on soil microbial community structure may be related to the sustained supply of organic C from root to soil microbial community. Litter removal showed r
14、emarkable effects on the assimilation rate of bacteria and fungi to carbon probably due to it impacts on soil total C, total N, and soil organic C. The understory vegetation removal only removes the surface vegetation but does not remove plant roots, which may continue to maintain soil nutrient cycl
15、e and supply microbial growth. The little effect of litter removal on soil microbial community structure in the 3-year suggests that the influence of litter removal on soil might be a slow process. The litter removal had no effect on soil microorganism in the short time. Therefore, there was no resp
16、onse in soil microbial community structure under both the understory plant and litter removal treatments. Under story plant vegetation and litter removal can change soil physical and chemical properties and affect MBC and MBN, thus influence soil microbial community structure. This study is a furthe
17、r improvement and extension of current report on microbial community structure, and will provide strong data support for the response of microbial community structure to changes in C input from plants and aboveground litter.KEYWORDS: bacteria, fungi, litter, understory vegetationIV目录m wiABSTRACTIllg
18、 mVm-m mml1.1林下植被移除对土壤微生物的作用21.2凋落物去除对土壤微生物的作用41.3林下植被和凋落物去除的交互作用对土壤微生物的作用71.4本研究的目的和内容7第二章材料和方法92.1研究地点概况92丄1地点概况92丄2气候类型92.2实验设计92.3测量指标和方法112.3.1 土壤温度和土壤湿度的测量112.3.2 土壤 pH 测定112.3.3 土壤碳氮含量测定112.3.4 土壤微生物碳含量和微生物氮含量测定122.3.5 土壤微生物群落结构测定132.4数据分析和统计方法13第三章林下植被及凋落物去除对土壤理化性质的影响153.1林下植被和凋落物去除对土壤温湿度的影响
19、153.2林下植被和凋落物去除对土壤碳氮的影响163.2.1林下植被和凋落物去除对土壤总碳,总氮以及碳氮比的影响163.2.2林下植被和凋落物去除对土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和无机氮的影响173.2.3林下植被和凋落物去除对土壤有机碳、土壤可溶性有机碳的影响.203.3林下植被和凋落物去除对土壤pH的影响22第四章林下植被及凋落物去除对微生物群落结构的影响254.1林下植被和凋落物去除对土壤微生物量碳和微生物生物量氮的影响.254.2林下植被和凋落物去除对土壤微生物群落结构的影响274.2.1林下植被和凋落物去除对细菌、真菌和放线菌的影响274.2.2林下植被和凋落物去除对革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌的
20、影响294.2.3林下植被和凋落物去除对真菌:细菌和革兰氏阴性菌:革兰氏阳性菌的 景如向304.3相关性分析324.3.1 土壤微生物生物量碳氮与土壤理化性质的相关性324.3.2 土壤微生物与土壤环境因子相关性334.3.3 土壤革兰氏阴性菌:革兰氏阳性菌与土壤环境因子相关性364.4微生物主成分分析和多元逐步回归分析384.5讨论424.5.1林下层植被去除通过改变土壤养分影响微生物424.5.2凋落物去除通过改变土壤养分影响微生物434.5.3林下植被和凋落物去除交互作用对微生物的作用444.6小结46第五章结论和展望475.1主要结论475.2展望47参考文献49& i射59VI第一章
21、前言A-A- -T*T-_S_*弟_早刖目植物功能群在调控生态系统过程和功能方面发挥着重要作用。通过对生物多样性与 生态系统结构功能的研究发现,生物多样性在推动生态系统生产力和服务方面起重要作 用1_2。当移除生态系统某类功能群时,必然导致生态系统结构和功能发生相应变化3。 由于地上植被和地下微生物群落紧密相连,这些联系影响生态系统结构和功能4_5。林 下层植被移除,导致生态系统结构单一、生态系统多样性降低、生态系统稳定性降低、 物质循环、营养循环产生一系列变化。林下层植被与地下土壤环境密切相关,林下层植被移除后,地表失去林下灌木和草 本植物对它的遮阴效果,光照透过乔木,直接到达地表,土壤地表
22、温度相应地增加。地 表温度升高,水分蒸发快,导致林下层植被去除对土壤水分含量产生一定影响。在降水 增多时,通过乔木的穿透雨因为失去灌木和草本阻挡,雨水通过凋落物层的渗透,到达 地面的水分增多,土壤地表吸收水分增多,林下植被层通过根系吸收水分,将水分和营 养物质从根部向叶片运输营养。林下植被层移除,减少灌木和草本植物对土壤的营养竞 争,有利于乔木和乔木幼苗的生长。林下层植被和凋落物之间相互作用,共同维持着土壤营养循环和生化过程的进行。 凋落物通过森林生态系统碳循环,为整个森林生态系统生长发育提供营养。凋落物层越 厚,土壤水分蒸发越慢,土壤湿度变化小。凋落物在微生物作用下分解为有机碳、无机 碳、纤
23、维素等主要成分。地上与地下的物质循环过程和生化过程离不开对碳的需求。但 是凋落物移除后,土壤直接裸露,地表失去凋落物的保护,地表温度升高,水分蒸发快, 土壤的酸碱度发生改变,而且土壤表层经过光照以及雨水侵蚀,营养物质流失,地表遭 到严重破坏。凋落物移除后,土壤与空气直接接触,有利于土壤与空气间的气体交换, 有利于微生物的生长。凋落物移除后的所有改变,都有可能成为微生物组分改变的影响 因素。有研究发现,凋落物分不同种类,包括:以叶片为主的凋落物、以枝干为主的凋 落物以及其他。凋落物种类越多,对土壤微生物影响越大6。以叶片为主的凋落物,尤 其是以阔叶为主的凋落物,分解速率快,对土壤微生物影响较大,
24、可以改善生物多样性 和生态系统结构功能6。林下植被和凋落物去除对土壤微生物群落结构的影响土壤是微生物生存活动的环境之一,土壤微生物在土壤环境和植物与土壤物质交换 过程中起着至关重要的作用7_8,也是主导植被组成变化与生态系统基本变化之间的关 键环节8-1Q。凋落物被土壤微生物分解为可利用的有机质,有利于土壤和植物根系的吸 收,保持土壤肥力,这些有机物质也为微生物提供适宜的生存环境,保持微生物分组相 对稳定。凋落物和土壤微生物推动地上地下有机质与根系的化学生理生态过程11-13。土 壤微生物对土壤环境的反应取决于对土壤微生物生物量碳氮的需求,微生物生物量碳氮 离不开土壤碳氮供应。土壤微生物是整个
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