高中英语句子成分.ppt

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1、句句 子子 成成 分分Members of a Sentence* *句子成分由词或词组充当句子成分由词或词组充当英语的基本成分有七种：英语的基本成分有七种：_和和_主语主语(subject)、谓语谓语(predicate)、表语表语(predicative)、 宾语宾语(object)、定语定语(attribute)、状语状语(adverbial)补语补语(complement)英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型掌握这五种基本句型, 是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。是掌握各种

2、英语句子结构的基础。一一: (主谓主谓)二二: (主系表主系表)三三: (主谓宾主谓宾)四四: (主谓间宾直宾主谓间宾直宾)五五: (主谓宾宾补主谓宾宾补)基本句型基本句型 一一: :( (主谓主谓) )主语主语: 可以作主语的成分有名词可以作主语的成分有名词, 主格代词主格代词, 动词不定式动词不定式, 动名词等等。主语一般在句首。动名词等等。主语一般在句首。谓语谓语: 谓语由动词构成谓语由动词构成, 是英语时态、语态是英语时态、语态变化的主角变化的主角, 一般在主语之后。不及物动词一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语没有宾语, 形成主谓结构。形成主谓结构。如如: We come.(

3、 (不及物动词不及物动词) )1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly此句型的句子有一个此句型的句子有一个共同特点共同特点, 即句子的谓语即句子的谓语动词动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。基本句型二基本句型二: :( (主系表主系表) )此句型的句子有一个共同的

4、特点此句型的句子有一个共同的特点: 句子句子谓语谓语动词动词都不能表达一个完整的意思都不能表达一个完整的意思, 必须加上必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语谓语, 才能表达完整的意思。这类才能表达完整的意思。这类动词动词叫做叫做连系动词。连系动词。系动词系动词分两类分两类: be, look, keep, seem等等, 表情况表情况; get, grow, become, turn等属另一类等属另一类, 表变化。表变化。be 本身没有什么意义本身没有什么意义, 只起连系主语和表语的只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。作用。其它

5、系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词感官动词多可用作连系动词多可用作连系动词: look well/面色好面色好, sound nice/听起来不错听起来不错, feel good/感觉好感觉好, smell bad/难闻难闻 ( (是系动词是系动词) ) ( (表语表语) ) 1. Thisisan English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinnersmellsgood. 3. Hefellin love. 4. Everythinglooksdifferent. 5. Heis growingtall and strong. 6. Our wellhas gon

6、edry. 7. His faceturnedred. *There be 结构结构: There be 表示表示存在有存在有。这里的这里的there没有实际意义没有实际意义, 不可与副词不可与副词there那里那里混淆。混淆。 此结构后跟名词此结构后跟名词, 表示表示“(存在存在)有某事物有某事物”。试比较试比较: There is a boy there. (那儿有一个男孩那儿有一个男孩)前一个前一个there无实意无实意, 后一个后一个there为副词为副词那里那里。基本句型基本句型 三三: : ( (主谓宾主谓宾) )此句型句子的此句型句子的共同特点共同特点是：谓语动词是：谓语动词都都

7、具有实义具有实义, 都是主语产生的动作都是主语产生的动作, 但不能但不能表达完整的意思表达完整的意思, 必须跟有一个宾语必须跟有一个宾语, 即动作的承受者即动作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。这类动词叫做及物动词。( (及物动词及物动词)( (宾语宾语) )1. Whoknowsthe answer? 2. He has refusedto help them. 3. Heenjoysreading. 4. Hesaid“Good morning.”5. Headmitsthat he was mistaken. 基本句型基本句型 四四: : ( (主谓间宾直

8、宾主谓间宾直宾) )有些及物动词可以有两个宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语, e.g. give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个这两个宾语通常一个指人指人(间接宾语间接宾语); 一个指物一个指物(直接宾语直接宾语)。-Give me a cup of tea please.-Show this house to Mr. Smith.-Bring it to me, please. ( (及物及物)( (多指人多指人)( (多指物多指物) )1.Sheorderedherselfa new dress. 2. Hebroughtyoua dictionary. 3. Ishow

9、edhimmy pictures. 4. Itoldhimthat the bus was late. 5. Heshowedmehow to run the machine. 基本句型基本句型 五五: (主谓宾宾补主谓宾宾补)此句型的句子的此句型的句子的共同特点共同特点是是: 动词虽然是及物动词动词虽然是及物动词, 但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思, 必须加上必须加上一个一个补充成分补充成分来补足宾语来补足宾语, 才能使意思完整。才能使意思完整。宾语补足语宾语补足语: 位于位于宾语之后宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作可以用作

10、宾语补足语的有名词宾语补足语的有名词, 形容词形容词, 不定式不定式,动名词动名词, 分词分词, 介词短语等。介词短语等。The war made him a soldier.New methods make the job easy.I often find him at work.The teacher ask the students to close the windows.I saw a cat running across the road.名词名词/代词宾格代词宾格 + n./adj./ 介词短语介词短语/动词不定式动词不定式/分词分词 (及物及物) (宾语宾语) (宾补宾补)

11、1. Theypaintedthe doorgreen. 2. Thissetthem thinking. 3. Theyfoundthe housedeserted. 4. Heaskedmeto come back soon. 5. I sawthemgetting on the bus. a. b. c. d. e. 1. Pleas tell us a story. _2. She smiled. _3. I have a lot work to do. _4. His job is to train swimmers. _5. He noticed a man enter the r

12、oom. _6. Please look at the picture. _daebec但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短简短, 除了基本句型的成分不变外除了基本句型的成分不变外, 通常通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语修饰语而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词单词 (adj./adv./num. 数词数词)短语短语(主要主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语)。我们称之为我们称之为: 定语、状语定语、状语The little boy needs a blue

13、 pen. 一、一、 定语：定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子的词、短语或句子, 译为译为的的。定语通常位于被修饰的定语通常位于被修饰的成分前成分前。复合不定代词复合不定代词(something/nothing)之后；之后；不定式不定式/分词短语分词短语/从句作定语从句作定语时要放在时要放在被修饰的成分后；被修饰的成分后；副词副词用作定语时须放在名词用作定语时须放在名词之后之后。Two boys need two pens.His name is Tom.The boy in blue is Tom.The boy there needs

14、 a pen.The boy needs a ball pen. There is nothing to do today.The pen bought by her is made in China.The boy you will know is Tom. 二、状语：二、状语：状语修饰状语修饰动词动词、形容词形容词、副词副词或或全句全句的的句子成分句子成分, 说明说明方式、因果、条件、时间、方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。等。-The boy needs a pen now.-The boy needs a pen very much.可

15、用作状语的有副词可用作状语的有副词, 不定式不定式, 分词分词, 介词短语介词短语, 从句等从句等。 In the classroom, the boy needs a pen. 在教室里在教室里, 男孩需要一支钢笔。男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语地点状语)Before his mother, Tom is always a boy. 在母亲面前在母亲面前, 汤姆总是一个男孩子。汤姆总是一个男孩子。(条件状语条件状语)On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 星期天星期天, 教室里没有学生。教室里没有学生。 (时间状语时间状语) 介词短语

16、作状语：介词短语作状语：分词分词(短语短语)作状语：作状语：He sits there, asking for a pen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态表示伴随状态)Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.因为不得不完成作业因为不得不完成作业, 男孩需要一支笔。男孩需要一支笔。(原因状语原因状语)Frightened, he sits there soundlessly.(因为因为)受了惊吓受了惊吓, 他无声地坐在那儿。他无声地坐在那儿。(原因状语原因状语)The boy needs a pen to do

17、 his homework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状语目的状语)To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.为实现梦想为实现梦想, 汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣. 不定式作状语：不定式作状语：状语从句：状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句让步状语从句、条件状语从句 -We chatte

18、d as we walked along.-Even if she laughs at him, he adores her.三、同位语：三、同位语：同位语同位语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时同等位置时, 一个句子成分一个句子成分用来说明和解释用来说明和解释另一个句子成分另一个句子成分, 这个句子成分就叫做它的这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。同位语。We students should study hard. (students是是we的同位语的同位语, 都是指同一批都是指同一批“学生学生”)We all are students. (all是是we的同

19、位语的同位语, 都指同样的都指同样的“我们我们”)四、独立成分：四、独立成分：与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分。独立成分。感叹词感叹词: oh, hello, aha, ah,等。等。肯定词肯定词: yes否定词否定词: no称呼语称呼语: 称呼人的用语。称呼人的用语。插入语插入语: 一些句中插入的一些句中插入的 I think, I believe,等。等。如如: The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信我相信, 这个故事还远没结束这个故事还远没结束.(一一) 挑出下列句中的宾语挑

20、出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.(二二) 挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语- The old man was feeling v

21、ery tired.- The leaves have turned yellow.- Soon They all became interested in the subject.(三三) 挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句中的定语1. What is your given name?2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(四四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足

22、语挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.(五五) 挑出下列句中的状语挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night

23、he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students fo

24、llowed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.划分句子成分划分句子成分1.You will tell your friend that youve got to school.2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window.3. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open.4. The dark, rainy evening, t

25、he wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.1.You will tell (your) friend that youve got to school.2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window.3. Another time five months ago, I happened to beUpstairs at dusk (when the window was open).4. The (dark, rainy) evening, the wind, the thunderingClouds held me entirely in their power.主语主语谓语谓语间宾间宾定语定语直接宾语直接宾语原因状语原因状语主语主语 谓语谓语宾语宾语