2022年有机化学Ⅰ复习题答案 .pdf
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1、学而不思则惘,思而不学则殆第一章烷烃1 ( 1)2,6-二甲基 -3, 6-二乙基辛烷(2)2, 2-二甲基 -4-乙基己烷( 3)2,2,4-三甲戊烷(4) 2,3-二甲基 -4-正丙基 -4-异丁基辛烷( 5)3-甲基 -4-乙基己烷(6)2-甲基 -3-乙基己烷( 7)2,5-二甲基 -3-乙基己烷(8)3-甲基 -7-乙基 -6-异丙基 -4-叔丁基壬烷2CH3CH2CH2CH3-CH-CH2CH3CH3CH2CHCH3-CCH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH(CH3)2CH3CH2CHCCHCH2CH3CH3CCCH3CH3CH3CH3(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)3
2、(1) CH3-CH-CH-CH3CH3CH3(2) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3-C-CH2CH3CH3CH3(3) CH3CH2CHCH2CH3CH3(4)CH3CHCH2CH2CH3CH34HCH3HHCH3HHCH3HHCH3HClBrHClBrHHBrClHBrCl(1)(2)5 ( 1) 、 (3) 、 (4) 、 (5) 、 (6)对化合物相同, (2)为构造异构。6 ( 1)CAB (2)CBEFAD (3)CBAD (4)BAC(燃烧焓为负值,数值B 最小, C 最大)7乙烷和新戊烷中的伯氢的相对活性=1/62.3/12=2 2.3。8伯氢有9 个,氯代产物有
3、34%+16%=50% ;仲氢 2 个,氯代产物28%,叔氢 1 个,氯代产物为 22%,所以氯代反应氢的活性比为:1H 2H 3H =50%28%22%92112.549CH3-CH-CH2-CH3CH3+ Br2CH3-CH-CH2-CH2BrCH3CH3-CH-CH2-CH3CH2BrCH3-CH-CHBr-CH3CH3CH3-CBr-CH2-CH3CH3(A)(B)(C)(D)+因为伯氢仲氢叔氢=1801600,所以,精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 17 页学而不思则惘,思而不学则殆1 9+80 2+160011
4、 380 21600 11 61 9+80 2+1600 11 9+80 2+160011 9+80 2+16001(A) =(B) =(C) =(D) = 0.17%= 0.33%= 9.05%= 90.45%10 RH + t-BuO R + t-BuOH R + t-BuOCl RCl + t-BuO11链引发(CH3)3C-O-O-C(CH3)32(CH3)3C-O30(CH3)3C-O+ (CH3)2CH(CH3)3COH + (CH3)2C链增长 (CH3)2C+ CCl4(CH3)2CCl + Cl3CCl3C + (CH3)2CH (CH3)2C CH3Cl +第二章烯烃1 (
5、 1)2-乙基 -1-戊烯(2)4-甲基环己烯(3) (Z) 4-甲基 -3-溴-2-戊烯(4) (Z)2,4-二甲基 -3-己烯(5) (E) 3,4-二甲基 -5-乙基 -3-庚烯(6) (Z)2,2,5-三甲基 -3-乙基 -3-庚烯2CH3CH=CHCH2=CHCH2CH3CH2=CCCH3CHCH(CH3)2HCCH3CH3CH2CCH2CH2CH3CH(CH3)2C CClH2CClBrFCCH3CH2CH3CCH2CH3Br(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)3 ( 1)CBD A (2) D ECB A (3)DBAC 4完成下列反应式(4)(5)(6)(1)(2)(8)
6、(7)(9)(10)(11)(12)(3)(13)CH3OCHClCH3O2NCH2CH2ClCH3Br(CH3)2C(OH)CH2CH3CH3CHClCH2Br + CH3CH(OH)CH2Br + CH3CHBrCH2BrCH3CHO + OHCCH2CHO + CH3COCH3Cl-CH-CH3BrF3C-CH2-CH2ClCH3OHCH3-CH-CH-CH3OH OHCH3-CCH3CH3CHCH2BrOHCH3-CCH3CH-CH2BrCH3OHCH3COCH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)COOHBrCH3CHCH=CH2精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结
7、- - - - - - -第 2 页,共 17 页学而不思则惘,思而不学则殆5(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)CH3CH2CH2CH3ClHClCH2CH2CH3H3CH+BrHBrHCH3OHCH3HHOHHOHOHHHCH3HHHOHOHCH3+H3CCH3CH3BrHH3CCH3CH3HBr+HOHCH3H+6 ( 1)烯烃与氯气加热 -H 氯代是自由基历程,机理如下:Cl2 2ClCl + CH3CH=CH2 CH2CH=CH2 + HClCH2CH=CH2 + Cl2 ClCH2CH=CH2 + Cl链引发链增加( 2)先 H+亲电加成生成碳正离子,然后碳正离子重排。H+CH3C
8、H3CH3CH3CH3-C-CH-CH3CH3-C-CH-CH3CH3CH3H2OCH3-CCH-CH3CH3CH3H2O-H+CH3-CCH-CH3CH3CH3OH重排CH3-C-CH=CH2( 3)先 H+进攻双键生成较稳定的碳正离子,然后碳正离子作为亲电试剂再进攻分子内另一双键成环碳正离子,最后脱去邻位一个H+生成产物。(CH3)2C=CHCH2CH2CH=CH2H3CCH3H+(CH3)2C-CH2CH2CH2CH=CH2H3CCH3H-H+( 4)亲电加成,碳正离子重排反应。CH=CH2CH3CH3CH2ClOH+ Cl+CH-CH2ClCH3CH3CH2ClOH-重排( 5)通过碳
9、正离子重排生成更稳定的烯烃。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 17 页学而不思则惘,思而不学则殆CH3CH3CH2H3CCH3H3CH+CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3H3CCH3CH3-H+(6)亲电试剂H+首先进攻双键碳形成仲碳正离子,与邻位氢原子重排后生成较稳定的叔碳正离子,然后与Cl-结合生成产物。CH3-C-CH2CH3CH3ClCH3-CH-CH=CH2 + H+CH3CH3CH3-C-CH-CH3HCH3-C-CH-CH3CH3HCl-重排仲碳正离子叔碳正离子(7)与 H+离子生成仲碳正离子,与邻位碳链可
10、重排成较稳定的叔碳正离子,然后脱去一个邻位 H+生成较稳定的烯烃(双键上支链较多的烯烃)。H3CCH=CH2H+CH3CH3重排仲碳正离子叔碳正离子H3CCH-CH3H3CCH3H-H+7CH3CHBrCH3CH3CH=CH2OClH2C-HCCH2CH3CH3CO(CH2)4COOHBrBrOH(1)(2)(3)(4)NaOH, 醇CH3CH=CH2HBr过氧化物Cl2CH3CO3HCH3KMnO4/H+HOBr CH3CH2CH2BrClCH2CH=CH2Cl2CH3ClNaOH, 醇NaOH, 醇精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第
11、 4 页,共 17 页学而不思则惘,思而不学则殆CH3OHOHOHOHOH(5)(6)Cl2B2H6H2O2/OHKMnO4/OHCF3CO3HH2O/H+光照CH3CH3Cl2CH3ClNaOH, 醇ClNaOH, 醇 CH2ClCHClCH2ClCH2=CHCH2ClCH2=CHCH3Cl2/CCl4Cl2高温CH2-CH-CH3ClClCl2/CCl4Cl2,光照(副反应太多 ,不好 )CH3CH3HHOHCH3CH3BrH2O2/OH-B2H6KOH, 醇Br2光照(7)(8)8CH2CH3H+CH3+H-H+CH3BrBrOCH3CO(CH2)4COOHCH3OHCCH2CH2CHO
12、 + CH3COCHOKMnO4/H+O3Zn,H2OKMnO4/H+NaOH, 醇(A)(B)(C)(D)(3)CH3CH2CH3CH3CH3HOBrHOBrCH3CH3BrOHH3CBrCH2CH3OHH3COHCH2CH3Br+(A)(B)(C)(D)CH3CH3CH3COCH2CH2COCH3H2O3Zn/H2O(W)CH3-C=CHCH2CH2CH3CH3CC(H3C)2HCHCH2CH3HCC(H3C)2HCHHCH2CH3CH3-CH-CH-CH2CH2CH3CH3BrCH3-CH-CHCH2CH2CH3CH3OH(CH3)2CHCH2-CHCH2CH3(CH3)2CHCH-CH
13、2CH2CH3OHOH(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)(F)CH3-CH-CH2CH2CH2CH3CH3123456(2)(1)第三章炔烃和二烯烃精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 17 页学而不思则惘,思而不学则殆1 ( 1)2,2,5-三甲基 -3-己炔(2)3-戊烯 -1-炔(3)7-壬烯 -1, 5-二炔(4)1-戊烯 -4-炔(5)1,6-辛二烯 -4-炔(6) ( 3Z,5Z)-2,6-二甲基 -3-乙基 -4-溴-3,5-辛二烯2(1)ADCB (2)BA CD ( 3)ABCD (4)DCAB (5)BA D
14、C ( 6)DCBA 3(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)CH3CCNaCH3CC-CH3CCH3CHHCH3CH3CCMgBrCH3CCCH2CH3CCH3CHCH2CH3HC-CH3OCH3CH2CH2CHBr2CHC-CH2CHBrCH3COOH + CO2CHOCH3COOCH3COOCH3H3C-OCH3-C-CH3BrBrCH3ClCH3CH3-C=CH-CH2Cl+CH3CH3OOOCH3-C-CH=CH24CH CH3CH2CH2C CH3CH2CH=CHCH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3Cu2(NH3)2ClBr2/CCl4COC=O=
15、O砖红色沉淀褪色无变化白色沉淀无变化+-+-无变化CH2=CH-CH=CHCH3HCC-CH2CH2CH3CCH2CH3CH3CCu2(NH3)2Cl砖红色沉淀无变化无变化+-无变化+-(1)(2)丁烷1-丁烯1-丁炔1,3-丁二烯Br2/CCl4Ag(NH3)2NO3COC=O=O无变化褪色白色沉淀-+褪色褪色+无变化-无变化-无变化-白色沉淀+(3)5 ( 1)将混合气体通过足量的浓硫酸中进行洗气,出来气体为纯的乙烷。因乙烯溶解于浓硫酸。( 2)将混合气体通过足量的Cu2(NH3)2Cl 溶液,出来气体为纯的乙烯。因乙炔生成了沉淀。( 3)将混合气体通过足量的丁烯二酸酐溶液,出来气体为纯的
16、丁炔。因1,3-丁二烯转化为沉淀。6精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 17 页学而不思则惘,思而不学则殆HCCNaCH3CH2CH2CHOCH3CH2CCHH2O2/OH-B2H6CH3CH2BrHCCHNaNH2CH2=CH2HBr+H2Pd-BaSO4CH3CH2CCHCCH3CHCH3HHBr+H2Pd-BaSO4CCH3CH3CCH3CH2CCH3BrBrKOH, 醇CH3HOHOHCCH2Cu2Cl2-NH4ClHClCHH2PtCH3CH=CH2CH3KMnO4/OH-CH2=CH-CCH2=CH-CH=CH2
17、BrBrCH2BrCH2BrBr2CCl4CH2BrCH2BrCH2BrCH2BrBr2CCl4(1)(2)(3)(4)7本题均为碳链增长的合成,可利用炔钠烷基化反应来实现,至于生成酮、醇、顺反式烯,则利用炔烃的化学性质来转化CH3CH2-C-CH3=OCH3CH2CH2CH2OH(1)(2)(3)(4)CCH3CHHCH3HCCHNaNH2H2Pd-BaSO4HClCH2=CH2CH3CH2ClHCCNaH2OHg2+,H2SO4HCCHHCCCH2CH3HCCHNaNH2H2Pd-BaSO4HClCH2=CH2CH3CH2ClHCCNaHCCHHCCCH2CH3B2H6H2O2/OHCH3
18、CH2CH2CHOH2PtHCCHNaNH2H2Pd-BaSO4HClCH2=CH2CH3CH2ClHCCNaHCCHHCCCH2CH3H2Pd-BaSO4CH3CH2CBr2CH32HBrKOH醇CCH3CH3CNa,NH3(L)HCCHNaNaCCNaHCCHH2Pd-BaSO4HClCH2=CH2CH3CH2ClCCH2CH3CH3CH2CCCHH3CH2CHCH2CH38 ( 1) 、 (4)碳链增长,利用炔钠烷基化反应,(2) 、 (3)利用双烯合成生成六元碳环精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 17 页学而不思则
19、惘,思而不学则殆(2)(4)HCCHNaNH2HCCNaH2OHg2+,H2SO4B2H6H2O2/OHH2Pd-BaSO4(1)(3)CHOCH2ClHOHOCCH3CHCH2CH=CH2HOBrHBrRO-ORCH2ClHCCHNaNH2HCCNaCH2ClCl2CH2ClCH2ClCl2CH3CO3HH2O/H+C-CH2CH=CH2CH3CCH3CCNaCH2ClCH=CH2CHCH3CNaNH2Cl2第四章脂环烃1 ( 1)1,3-二甲基 -1-乙基环戊烷(2)3-甲基 -1-异丙基环己烯( 3)2,5-二甲基 -1, 3-环戊二烯(4)反 -1,3-二甲基环己烷( 5)6-甲基螺
20、4 5癸烷(6)7-甲基螺 2 4-4- 庚烯( 7)2,7,7-三甲基二环 2 21庚烷(8)8-甲基 -4-氯二环 420-2-辛烯( 9)2,8-二甲基 -5-乙基二环 440-2,8-癸二烯2(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)CH3CH3CH3CH3CH2-CH-CH-CH-CH2CH3CH3CH3CH2CH3CH2CH3CH3CH33(1)(2)(3)(4)CH(CH3)2CH3CH3CH3(H3C)3CCH2CH3C(CH3)3CH3C(CH3)3(5)H3CCH3CH3CH34精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -
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