2022年新编简明英语语言学教程笔记考试必备 .pdf

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1、学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆Chapter one Introduction 一、定义1.语言学 Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学 General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言 language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for h

2、uman communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。4.识别特征 Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。Arbitrariness 任意性Productivity 多产性Duality 双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递arbi

3、trariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. Dualit

4、y Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned th

5、e details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 5.语言能力 Competence Competence is the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用 performance

6、 Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。7.历时语言学 Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a perio

7、d of 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 17 页学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆time. 8.共时语言学 Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. 9.语言 langue The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 10.言语 parole The realization of langue in actual us

8、e. 11.规定性 Prescriptive It aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 12.描述性 Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. 二、知识点1.language is not an isolated phenomenon, its a social activity ca

9、rried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。提出了语言的识别特征design features 3.the word language preceded by the zero-article ,it implies that linguistics studies not any particular language. Language一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。三、问答题1.what ar

10、e major branches of linguistics? what does each study? Phonetics-it s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages. Phonology-the study of sounds systems the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and t

11、he patterns into which they fall. Morphology- It s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Syntax-its a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language. Semantics-It s simply defined as the study of meanin

12、g in abstraction. Pragmatics-the study of meaning in context of words. Sociolinguisticsthe study of language with reference to society. Psycholinguistics-the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguistics-the application of linguistic principles and theories to lang

13、uage teaching and learning. 2.why do we say language is arbitrary? Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a

14、good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, it s only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 17 页学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆A typical example to illustrate the arbitrariness of

15、language is a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. 3. what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Modern linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date. 现代语言学是描述性的， 其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。traditional grammar is pre

16、scriptive. it is based on high written language. 传统语法是规定性的，研究 高级 书面语。4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? why Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible t

17、o describe language from a diachronic point of view. 现代语言学主要是共时性的， 重点研究现代语言。 除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。5.which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writings? Speech enjoys for the following reasons: Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution. A large amount of communication

18、 is carried out in speech than in writing. speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language. 6.how is Saussures distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomskys ? Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of langu

19、age. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, competence is a property of the mind of each individual. 6.the distinction between

20、langue and parole? langue is abstract, relatively stable parole is concrete, varies from person to person, from situation to situation. 1/ What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in genera

21、l. 2/ The scope of linguistics 语言学的研究范畴The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. ( 普通语言学 ) The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学）精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 17 页学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆The study of how soun

22、ds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音系学）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学）The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax（句法学）The study of meaning in language is called s

23、emantics. （语义学）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学）The study of language with reference to society is called socio-linguistics. （社会语言学）The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycho-linguistics. （心理语言学）The study of applications (as the reco

24、very of speech ability) is generally known as applied linguistics. （应用语言学） But in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second language. Other related branches incl

25、ude anthropological linguistics, （ 人 类 语 言 学 ）neurological linguistics, （神经语言学）mathematical linguistics, （数字语言学）and computational linguistics. （计算机语言学）3/ Some important distinctions in linguistics 语言学研究中的几对基本概念Chapter Two Phonology 一、定义1.宽式音标 Broad transcription The transcription of speech sounds wi

26、th letter symbols only. 2.窄式音标 Narrow transcription The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics. 3.清音 Voiceless When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causing vibration ,the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless soun

27、ds. 4.浊音 Voicing Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. 5.元音 Vowel The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels. 6.辅音 Consonants The sounds

28、 in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 17 页学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆some point of the vocal tract are called consonants. 7.音位 Phoneme The basic unit in phonology, its a collection of distinctive phonetic features. 8.音位变体 Allo

29、phones Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. 9.音素 phone A phonetic unit or segment. it doesnot necessarily distinguish meaning, its a speech sound we use when speaking a language. 10.最小对立对 Minimal pair When two different f

30、orms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 11.超切分特征 Suprasegmental The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegment

31、al features include stress ,intonation and tone. 12.互补分布 complementary distribution P35 Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 13.语言的语音媒介 Phonic medium of language The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to

32、 linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language. 在人类交际中有着一定意义、对语言学研究来说举足轻重。有限的声音是语音媒介。14.爆破音 stops When a obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive. they are

33、b p t d k g 二、知识点1.statistics resulting from careful investigations show that there have been over5,000languages in the world, about two thirds of which have not had written form. 2. of the two media of language,speech is more basic than writing. 3.Phonetic 组成Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 longest est

34、ablished, mostly developed Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学4.articulatoryApparatus /Organs of Speech Pharyngeal cavity咽腔Oral .口腔 greatest source of modification of air stream found here Nasal 鼻腔5.The tongue is the most flexible, responsible for more varieties of articulation than 精选学

35、习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 17 页学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆any other, the extreme back of the tongue can be raised towards the uvula and a speech sound can be thus produced as is used in Arabic and French. 6.Obstruction between the back of the tongue and the velar area results in the pronunc

36、iation ofk andg,the narrowing of space between the hard palate and the front of the tongue leads to the soundj;the obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge results in the soundstandd. 7.nasal consonants: m / n / 9. A Phone is a phonetic unit or segment. 10.Sequential

37、rules例子If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules: the first phoneme must be /s/ the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/ the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w 11.English has four basic types of intonation:Fa

38、lling tone;Rising tone;Fall-rise tone; Rise-fall tone 三、问答题1.what are the three branches of phonetics? how do they contribute to the study of speech sound? Articulatory describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. Auditory- studies the physical propertie

39、s of speech sounds, reaches the important conclusion that phonetic identity is only a theoretical ideal. Acoustic- studies the physical properties of speech sounds ,the way sound travel from the speaker to the hearer. 发音语音学描述了我们的发音器官如何发出语音，以及这些语音为何有所不同。听觉语音学研究语音的物理性质，得出了重要结论， 即语音同一只是理论上的理想。声学语音学研究语音

40、的物理性质，研究语音从说话者到听话者之间的传播方式。2.how are the English consonants classified? By place of articulation and By manner of articulation 3.how do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? who do you think will be more interested in the different between sayiandi,p andph,a phonetician or a philolo

41、gist? why? 语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别?为什么? Phonetics description of all speech sounds and their find differences. Phonology description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning. A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos

42、such differences will not cos differences in meaning. 4.what s a phone? how is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 17 页学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆phoneme? Phonea speech sound ,a phonetic unit. Phoneme-a collection of abstract sound feat

43、ures, a phonological unit. Allophones-actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts. 5.what is a minimal pair and a minimal set? why is it important to identify the minimal set in a language? 为什么区分最小对立组在一种语言中非常重要? Minimal pair two sound combinations identical in every way except in

44、one sound element that occurs in the same position. 除了出现在同一位置的一个语音成分不同外,其他部分都一样的两个语音组合. Minimal seta group of sound combinations with the above feature. 一组具有上述特征的语音组合. By identifying the minimal pair or the minimal set of a language, a philologist can identify its phonemes. 通过分析一种语言的最小对立对或最小对立组,音位学家

45、能辨别出它的音位. 6.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow one transcription differ? Broad transcriptionone letter symbol for one sound. Narrow transcriptiondiacritics are added to the one-letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds. 7.explain the sequential rule ,the assim

46、ilation rule and the deletion rule. 有序规则 Sequential rules Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. 同化规则 Assimilation rules The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. 省略规则 Deleti

47、on rule It s a phonological rule which tells us when a sound is to be deleted although its orthographically represented. Chapter Three Morphology 一、定义1.词素 Morpheme The basic unit in the study of morphology and the smallest meaningful unit of language. 2.自由词素 Free Morpheme Free morphemes are independ

48、ent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. 3.黏着词素 Bound morphemes Bound morphemes are these morphemes that canot be used by themselves, must be combined with other morphemes to form words that can be used independently. 4.词根 Root Root is the base form of a word which cannot be fu

49、rther analyzed without total loss 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 17 页学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆of identity. 5.词缀 Affix The collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. 6.曲折词缀 inflectional affixes The manifestation of grammatical relationshi

50、ps through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, tense, degree and case. 7.派生词缀 Derivational affixes The manifestation of relation between stems and affixes through the addition of derivational affixes. 8.词干 Stem A stem is the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.