英语句子结构.ppt

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1、英语句子结构,基本成分附属成分独立成分省略成分连接成分,简单句并列句复合句,主语系动词表(S+LV+predicative)主语不及物动词（S+Vi）主语及物动词宾语(S+Vt+O)主语动词+间宾+直宾(S+Vt+O.indir+O.dir)主语动词宾语补语(S+Vt.+O+O.compl),简单句的五种基本句型,主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。,主语,谓语,宾语,表语,Vt（及物动词）,系动词,Vi（不及物动词）,英语句子基本成分示意图,be/feel/seem/lookap

2、pear/stand/liebecome/get/grow/turngo/come/remain/keeptaste/smelletc.,1、主语系动词表语（主语补语）Sheishappy2、主语不及物动词Shecame/Myheadaches.3、主语及物动词宾语ShelikesEnglish.4、主语动词间接宾语直接宾语SheboughtJohnabook/SheboughtabookforJohn.5、主语动词宾语补语ShemakeshermotherangryTheteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.,简单句基本句型实例,主语（subject）句子的主体，全句

3、述说的对象,一般常置于句首。,Janeisgoodatplayingthepiano.Shewentoutinahurry.Fourplusfouriseight.Toseeistobelieve.Smokingisbadforhealth.Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.Whathehassaidistrue.,（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）（句子）,找出句中主语,Thesunrisesintheeast.Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.Thepoorarenowlivingintheshelter.S

4、eeingisbelieving.Toseeistobelieve.Helikesdancing.Whatheneedsisabook.Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,（动名词）,（不定式）,（句子）,(名词化的形容词）,（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）,谓语说明主语的动作、状态，常置于主语后,简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成Isawtheflagonthetopofthehill?Helookedaftertwoorphans.复合谓语:由情态动词或助动词+动词构成;Hecanspeak

5、Englishwell.ShedoesntseemtolikedancingMyfatheriswatchingTV,Showyourpassport,please.Shedidntsayanything.Howmanydoyouwant?-Iwanttwo.Theysenttheinjuredtohospital.Theydecidedtoleavenow.Ienjoyworkingwithyou.Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?,（名词）,(代词）,(数词),(名词化的形容词),(三)宾语动作的对象或承受者，常置于及物动词或介词后,（不定式）,（动名词）,（句子）,宾语

6、分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物或事,间接宾语指人或动物.Hegavemesomebooks.,间接宾语,直接宾语,pleasepassmethebook.Heboughthisgirlfriendsomeflowers.,（四）表语,表述主语的特征、身份、状态等，置于系动词后Myfatherisaboss.Thisbookismine.Timeisprecious.Illbetwentynextyear.Thewarwasover.Idontfeelatease.,(形容词),(代词),(名词),(数词),(副词),(介词短语),7.Theyseemtoknowthetruth.8.Hi

7、smainhobbyissmoking.9.Thisstoryisveryinteresting.10.Nevertouchanelectricwirewhenitisbroken.11.Isthatwhyyouwereangry?,(不定式),(现在分词/形容词),(动名词/名词),(过去分词/形容词),(从句),注：除了be系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词:2)表转变变化的动词:3)表延续的动词,feel,smell,taste,sound,look,appear,seem等。,become,get,grow,turn,go,等,remain,keep,hold,s

8、tay,rest等。,Therebe结构,1、定义：Therebe句型表示某处存在某物或某人。2、结构：(1)Thereis+单数可数名词/不可数名词+地点状语.(2)Thereare+复数名词+地点状语.注意事项：there是引导词，在句中不充当任何成分，翻译时也不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物，谓语动词be要与主语（某人或某物）的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时，谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。如：Thereisabirdinthetree.树上有一只鸟。Thereisateacherandmanystudentsinourclassroom.我们教室里有一位老师和许多学生。

9、Therearetwoboysandagirlunderthetree.树下有两个男孩，一个女孩。,1.不定式(todo)Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。2.名词Atthemeetingweelectedhimmonitor.Ithinkyourbrotheracleverboy.3.形容词Ifoundtheclassroomempty.4.副词Pleasecallthestudentsbackatonce.5.现在分词Wehearhimsinginginthehall.Ifoundhimlyinginbed,sleeping

10、.6.过去分词Hesawhisfacereflectedinthewater.,认识补语,附属成分,基本成分的修饰语。可以是：定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。,定语PoorJohntotteredtowardahospitalnearbyShelikesorangesimportedfromtheUSA.JohngaveMarymanybooks，whicharefullofillustrationsHaveyouseenthebookonthedesk?Theboyplayingoverthereismybrother.People

11、therelikesports.,JohnoftencametochatwithmeJohnlikesorangesverymuchWheneverhegetsdrunk，JohnmakesMaryveryangryHearingthenews,hejumpedwithjoy.Ashewasill,hedidntcometoclassyesterday.Sheissittingatthedesk,doingherhomework.Myfatherworkedinthisschooltenyearsago.Youdbetterstayhere.,状语,Examples:Oh！Whatisthat

12、！（惊叹词）Hehas，alas，failedagain(哎呀,唉)Comehere，John（呼语）Rollon，Ocean，rollon(流动啊，海洋，流动),句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。,独立成分,（You）Comehere（Iwishyou）Goodluck！Somegavehimpraises，butothers（gavehim）rotteneggsHerunsasfastas,if(hedoes)not(run)faster,thanyou.(I)Hopeyoulikeit.Johnshouldcleantheroomtoda

13、yandPeter(shouldcleanit)tomorrow.,句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：,省略成分,连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。Hetriedhardbuthewasunsuccessful.IusedtoliveinParisandLondon.另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。Hesaidthathedidnotwanttogo.Youmaycomeifyouwantto.一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必

14、须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。,连接成分,总结：句子必须主谓俱备一般情况下主在谓前表语定在系动词后宾语有双宾结构和复合结构（宾补），宾补肯定在宾语后定语不一定在它修饰的词前面状语最灵活，功能最为强大除了谓语、宾补之外，其它都可以由从句充当,简单句,简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。作一种陈述提出一个问题发出一种命令或请求表示一种感叹,Examples:Theboyhitthedog./Thedogbittheboy.Thegirlreadthebooks./Thebooksplea

15、sedthegirl.Stephenapologizedatonce.Doestheshopcloseat7tonight?Shutthedoor.Whataslowtrainthisis!,简单句的基本词序,主语动词部分宾语状语（谓语）方式地点时间Iboughtahatyesterday.Thechildrenranhome.Thetaxidrivershoutedatmeangrily.Weateourmealinsilence.Thecarstoppedsuddenly.Ayounggirlwalkedconfidentlyintheroom.Theydrovehimawayinapol

16、icecar.,简单句的扩展成份,简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。Iboughtaraincoatwithawarmlining.Thedogjumpedthroughthewindow.Heissavinguptobuyamobilephone.Abrightlittleboywithrosycheeksputthreebottlesofmilkquietlyonmydoorstepbeforesevenoclock.HeworkedlikeamadmaninthegardenonSaturday.Theyoun

17、ggirlwithlongblackhairseemstobeveryhappy.,两个简单句的主语可以连词and、but、both.and、eitheror、neithernor、notonlybutalso等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。ThebossisflyingtoParis.HissecretaryisflyingtoParis.ThebossandhissecretaryareflyingtoParis.BoththebossandhissecretaryareflyingtoParis.ThebossisflyingtoRome.Hissecretar

18、yisnotflyingtoRome.ThebossbutnothissecretaryisflyingtoRome.ThebossmaybeflyingtoBerlin.HissecretarymaybeflyingtoBerlin.EitherthebossorhissecretaryisflyingtoBerlin.ThebossisnotflyingtoYork.HissecretaryisntflyingtoYork.NeitherthebossnorhissecretaryisflyingtoYork.,主语、谓语、宾语的合并,两个简单句的宾语可由and、bothand等连词连接组

19、成一个简单句。ImetJane.Imetherhusband.ImetJaneandherhusband.ImetbothJaneandherhusband.Itwascold.Itwaswet.Itwascoldandwet.IdidntmeetJane.Ididntmeetherhusband.IdidntmeeteitherJaneorherhusband.ImetneitherJanenorherhusband.两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。Wesangallnight.Wedancedallnight.Wesanganddancedallnight.,主语、谓语、宾语的

20、合并,并列句,需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。,用分号：Wefishedallday;wedidntcatchathing.,用分号，后跟一个连接副词：Wefishedallday;however,wedidntcatchathing.,用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）Wefishedallday,but(we)didntcatchathing.,并列句,常用并列连词coordinatingconjunctions,平行并列连词:转折并列连词：因果并列连词:选择并列连词:,and,bothand,notonlyb

21、utalso,neithernor,andthen,but,however,while,yet,for,so,or,eitheror,并列句,并列句的词序：并列句基本上保留了简单句的词序。,主语谓语宾语连词主语动词表语Jimmyfelloffhisbikebut(he)wasnthurt.,五种简单句型可用并列连词连接起来组成并列句。,主谓状（方式）连主谓表Frankworkedhardand(he)becameanarchitect.主谓宾连主谓地点Ivegotacold,soImgoingtobed.主谓宾宾补连主谓宾Theymadehimchairman,but(they)didntin

22、creasehissalary.,Exercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。,Hewastired,sohewenttobed.,1.Hewastired.Hewenttobed.,2.Thechildhidbehindhismothersskirt.Hewasafraidofthedog.,3.Hemadeapromise.Hedidntkeepit.,Hemadeapromise,butHedidntkeepit.,Thechildhidbehindhismothersskirt,forhewasafraidofthedog.,由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的

23、句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。复合句=主句+从句,复合句,复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：1.主语从句2.宾语从句3.表语从句4.定语从句5.状语从句6.同位语从句,英文写作中最常使用的从句宾语从句状语从句定语从句,复合句与简单句：复合句

24、=简单句+从属连词+简单句,Hetoldme,thenews.,thatthematchhadbeencancelled.,宾语,howmuchhewaspreparedtopayformycar.,thatIcouldhavethemoneywithoutdelay.,howmuchhewaspreparedtopayformycarandthatIcouldhavethemoneywithoutdelay.,whenhewasleavingforParis.,thathisfatherwasworkinginthatschool.,宾语从句,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句

25、,Idontknow,him.,Hehasfinishedhiswork,thathehasfinishedhiswork.whetherhehasfinishedhiswork.,宾语从句,HeisleavingforWashington.,thatheisleavingforWashington.whenheisleavingforWashington.whyheisleavingforWashington.howheisleavingforWashington.whetherheisleavingforWashington.,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,thepeo

26、ple,surprised,That,Whathesaidwhathedid,主语,Thathedidntknowtheanswer,intheroom.,定语,whoweresittingintheroom.whowerepresent.whosesonswereatwar.whohadsignedthecontract.,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,That,is,thefact.,表语,whatheneeds.whathegaveme.whyhewaslate.becausehewasill.whathashappened.,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词

27、+简单句,Heworked,inthatfactory,threeyearsago.,地点状语,时间状语,wherehisfatherworked,inthatfactory,whereIlived,whenhelivedthere,Hisfatherworkedthere.,Ilivedthere.,Helivedtherethreeyearsago.,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,Putthebook,onthedesk.,whereyoutookit.,whereitwas.,地点状语,whereyoufoundit.,Youcantcamp,here.,wheret

28、herearealotoftrees.,whereveryoulike.,指出下列各从句的类型,Ibelievethateverythingisgoingonwell.ShewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.,宾语从句,状语从句,定语从句,Practice,用所给连词连接句子。,Hehasfoundout.Shewaslate.(why),Hehasfoundoutwhyshewaslate.,Istillremembertheday.IfirstwenttoYorkonthatday.(when),Is

29、tillrememberthedaywhenIfirstwenttoYork.,将各组句子连接为一个含有状语从句的复合句。,Practice,Hedidntcomeyesterday.Hewasill.(原因),Hedidntcomeyesterdaybecausehewasill.,Illgivethelettertohim.Iseehim.（时间）Itissuchabigbox.Nobodycanmoveit.（结果）Wellgotothegreatwall.Itsfinetomorrow.(条件)Weshouldnotgothereallthetime.Theplaceisquitepleasant.(让步）,Itissuchabigboxthatnobodycanmoveit.,Wellgotothegreatwallifitsfinetomorrow.,Althoughtheplaceisquitepleasant,weshouldnotgothereallthetime.,IllgivethelettertohimwhenIseehim.IllgivethelettertohimassoonasIseehim.IllgivethelettertohimthemomentIseehim.,THEEND,