期权期货与金融衍生品.doc
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1、【精品文档】如有侵权,请联系网站删除,仅供学习与交流期权期货与金融衍生品.精品文档.期权、期货和其他衍生品Chapter 1 第一章What is a Derivative? 什么是衍生品A derivative is an instrument whose value depends on, or is derived from, the value of another asset.衍生品是一种金融工具,其价值取决于(衍生于)其他资产的价值。Derivativesvs Primary Assets衍生品vs初级资产(标的资产)Primary Assets 初级资产Stocks 股票Fixe
2、d income 固定收益(利率)Foreign exchanges 外汇Loans 贷款Corporate bonds 公司债券Mortgages 住房抵押贷款Commodities 大宗商品Real Estate 房地产What is a Derivative? 什么是衍生品Commodity futures 商品期货(日本江户幕府时代,美国CBOT 1865)Index futures 指数期货(美国1982年KCBT,CME)Forwards远期合约(美国CBOT1848)Options期权(18世纪,美国CBOE1973)Swaps 互换(掉期美国1980s Swensen)Exot
3、ics 奇异期权(1980s)Credit derivatives 信用衍生品(1990s)(CMO, CLO, CDO, CDS, CDX, CMBS ) Why Derivatives Are Important为什么衍生品很重要?Derivatives play a key role in transferring risks in the economy 转移经济活动中的风险Price discovery 价格发现The underlying assets include stocks, currencies, interest rates, commodities, debt ins
4、truments, electricity, insurance payouts, the weather, etc标的资产可以是股票,货币,利率,商品,债务,电力,保险支付金,天气等等。Anything!Many financial transactions have embedded derivatives许多金融交易和金融业务中都包含了衍生品The real options approach to assessing capital investment decisions has become widely accepted利用实物期权的方法评价投资决策已经被广泛使用How Deriv
5、atives Are Traded衍生品如何交易On exchanges such as the Chicago Board Options Exchange交易所:如CBOE(芝加哥期权交易所)In the over-the-counter (OTC) market where traders working for banks, fund managers and corporate treasurers contact each other directly场外交易市场(OTC):代表银行、基金经理、公司财务主管的交易员们直接进行交易Size of OTC and Exchange-Tr
6、aded Markets场外市场和交易所衍生品交易规模The Lehman Bankruptcy雷曼兄弟公司破产Lehmans filed for bankruptcy on September 15, 2008. This was the biggest bankruptcy in US history雷曼公司在2008年9月15日申请破产这是美国历史上最大的破产案,负债6130亿美元It had hundreds of thousands of transactions outstanding with about 8,000 counterparties此时,它上有成千上百个未完成的交易
7、,涉及约8000个交易对手Lehman was an active participant in the OTC derivatives markets and got into financial difficulties because it took high risks and found it was unable to roll over its short term funding雷曼是场外衍生品市场中活跃的参与者,后由于过高风险交易而致使短期资金周转困难,陷入财政困境Unwinding these transactions has been challenging for bo
8、th the Lehman liquidators and their counterparties 解决这些交易,无论对雷曼的清算人员还是他们的对手,都十分棘手How Derivatives are Used衍生品用途To hedge risks 对冲风险To speculate (take a view on the future direction of the market)投机(预测市场未来走向)To lock in an arbitrage profit 锁定套利获益To change the nature of a liability改变债务性质To change the nat
9、ure of an investment without incurring the costs of selling one portfolio and buying another不需引起买卖证券组合,即可改变投资性质Foreign Exchange Quotes for GBP 英镑外汇报价(2010.5.24)BidOfferSpot (现货)1.44071.44111-month forward(一个月远期价格)1.44081.44133-month forward1.44101.44156-month forward1.44161.4422Forward Price 远期价格远期合
10、约是双方签订的将来某一时刻以预定的价格交易某一资产的合约。该约定价格称作远期价格。The forward price for a contract is the delivery price that would be applicable to the contract if were negotiated today (i.e., it is the delivery price that would make the contract worth exactly zero)远期价格指合约在被签订时,令合约双方都同意,都不用向对手付钱的未来交割价格(零成本进入合约)The forward
11、price may be different for contracts of different maturities (as shown by the table)不同期限的合约,远期价格可能不同Terminology 术语The party that has agreed to buy has what is termed a long position同意在未来某一时刻以某个价格买入的一方称为长头寸(多头)The party that has agreed to sell has what is termed a short position同意在未来某一时刻以某个价格卖出的一方称为短
12、头寸(空头)Example (page 5) 例子On May 24, 2010 the treasurer of a corporation enters into a long forward contract to buy 1 million in six months at an exchange rate of 1.44222010年5月24日,公司财务主管以1.4422的汇率,进入六个月、一百万英镑的远期合约多头寸This obligates the corporation to pay $1,442,200 for 1 million on November 24, 2010合约
13、要求公司于2010年12月24日以1442200美元的价格购得一百万英镑What are the possible outcomes?可能的结果有哪些?Profit from a Long Forward Position (K= delivery price=forward price at time contract is entered into)远期合约多头利润KProfitPrice of Underlying at Maturity, STProfit from a Short Forward Position(K= delivery price=forward price at
14、time contract is entered into)远期合约空头利润KProfitPrice of Underlying at Maturity, STFutures Contracts 期货合约Agreement to buy or sell an asset for a certain price at a certain time同意在指定时刻以指定价格买/卖某种资产Similar to forward contract与远期合约类似Whereas a forward contract is traded OTC, a futures contract is traded on
15、an exchange不同的是,远期合约为场外交易,期货合约在交易所内交易Exchanges Trading Futures期货交易所CME Group (formerly Chicago Mercantile Exchange and Chicago Board of Trade)芝加哥商品交易所集团(前芝加哥交易所与芝加哥商品交易所)NYSE Euronext 纽约-泛欧交易所集团BM&F (Sao Paulo, Brazil)巴西商品和期货交易所(位于巴西圣保罗)TIFFE (Tokyo) 东京国际金融期货交易所CFFE (Shanghai)中国金融期货交易所 Examples of F
16、utures Contracts期货合约例子Agreement to: 约定:Buy 100 oz. of gold US$1400/oz. in December 以每盎司1400美元的价格购入12月到期的黄金100盎司Sell 62,500 1.4500 US$/ in March以每英镑1.45美元的价格购入三月份到期的62500英镑Sell 1,000 bbl. of oil US$90/bbl. in April以每桶90美元价格卖出四月份到期的1000桶石油 1. Gold: An Arbitrage Opportunity?黄金:有套利机会吗?Suppose that 假设:Th
17、e spot price of gold is US$1,400黄金现价为1400美元The 1-year forward price of gold is US$1,500一年期黄金远期价格为1500美元The 1-year US$ interest rate is 5% per annum一年期美元利率为5%Is there an arbitrage opportunity? 其中有套利机会吗?2. Gold: Another Arbitrage Opportunity?黄金:还有套利机会吗?Suppose that 假设:The spot price of gold is US$1,40
18、0黄金现价为1400美元The 1-year forward price of gold is US$1,400一年期黄金远期价格为1400美元The 1-year US$ interest rate is 5% per annum一年期美元利率为5%Is there an arbitrage opportunity? 其中有套利机会吗?The Forward Price of黄金远期价格(忽略租赁成本)If the spot price of gold is Sand the forward price for a contract deliverable in T years is F,
19、then设黄金现价为S,T时刻到期合约远期价格为F,则F= S (1+r )Twhere ris the 1-year (domestic currency) risk-free rate of interest.其中,r为一年期无风险利率(本国货币)In our examples, S = 1400, T = 1, and r=0.05 so that在我们的例子中,S=1400,T=1,r=0.05,故F = 1400(1+0.05) = 14701. Oil: An Arbitrage Opportunity?石油:套利机会?Suppose that 假设:-The spot price
20、 of oil is US$95石油现价为95美元-The quoted 1-year futures price of oil is US$125一年期石油合约远期价格为125美元-The 1-year US$ interest rate is 5% per annum一年期美元利率为5%-The storage costs of oil are 2% per annum石油每年存储费率为2%Is there an arbitrage opportunity? 有套利机会吗?2. Oil: Another Arbitrage Opportunity?石油:其他套利机会?Suppose tha
21、t 假设:-The spot price of oil is US$95石油现价为95美元-The quoted 1-year futures price of oil is US$80一年期石油合约远期价格为80美元-The 1-year US$ interest rate is 5% per annum一年期美元利率为5%-The storage costs of oil are 2% per annum石油存储费率为2%Is there an arbitrage opportunity? 有套利机会吗?Options 期权A call option is an option to buy
22、 a certain asset by a certain date for a certain price (the strike price)看涨期权是一种可以在指定日期以指定价格(敲定价格)买入指定资产的权力A put option is an option to sell a certain asset by a certain date for a certain price (the strike price)看跌期权是一种可以在指定日期以指定价格(敲定价格)卖出指定资产的权力American vs European Options美式期权Vs 欧式期权An American op
23、tion can be exercised at any time during its life美式期权可在到期日之前任何时刻执行A European option can be exercised only at maturity 欧式期权只可在到期日执行 Google Call Option Prices (June 15, 2010; Stock Price is bid 497.07, offer 497.25);谷歌股票看涨期权价格(2010.6.15;股价买入价497.07,卖出价497.25Strike PriceJul 2010 BidJul 2010 OfferSep 20
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