Hedgesandmodality.ppt

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1、Contents010203Hedge (Definition, Classification)Modality(Definition, Classification)Pragmatic Functions of Hedge and ModalityWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerP

2、oint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%1.1 G. Lakoff (1972)defines hedges some of the most interesting questions are raised by the study of words whose meaning impl

3、icitly involves fuzzinesswords whose job is to make things fuzzier or less fuzzy.Brown and Levinson (1987:56) :a particle, word or phrase that modifies the degree of membership of a predicate or a noun phrase in a set”.Holmes defines hedges as devices for attenuating the strength of utterance (1982a

4、) and as a part of epistemic modality (1982b, 1984).Hedges could be verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and so on. And all these hedges express meanings of unclear or fuzzy.Definition of HedgeWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world

5、 of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%1.2 (1) Approximators(变动型模糊限制语变动型模糊限制语)Approximators are mainly su

6、ch expressions as kind of, sort of, about, etc. which act on making meaning fuzzier or imprecise.Approximators can be subdivided into two types:Adaptors（程度变动语） Rounders(范围变动语)(7) Im kind of glad that I didnt win.(8) We stayed there for almost a week. (9) His feet were sort of blue. Classification of

7、 HedgeWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the

8、 very first time. WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%1.2 （2）shields（缓和性模糊限制语）（缓和性模糊限制语）Shields do not reflect the truth condition of the propositional content but reflect the degree of the speakers commitment to the truth value of the whole proposition conveyed.Shields are also subdivided into tw

9、o types: plausibility shields （直接缓和语）and attribution shields.（间接缓和语）Classification of HedgeWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been speci

10、fically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%Adaptors（程度变动语）（程度变动语）Adaptors is that they can modify or revise the degree of an utterance.eg： kind of, sort of, a little bit, some, somewhat, almost, to some

11、 extent, more or less, quite, really, entirely, etc 1.2.1Types of approximatorsWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically desi

12、gned to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85% 1.2.1Types of approximatorsRounders(范围变动语范围变动语) Rounders refer to those that can bring a changeable range of understanding to an utterance.roughly, about, around, approxi

13、mately, nearly, perhaps, more than, essentially, over something between X and Y, etc(11) There are about 40 people in this hall.(12) Its always around four oclock when I go to the dentist.(13) The building is about something between fifty and sixty meters high. (14) The lady who is in charge of the

14、company is approximately 50 years old.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into

15、 the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85% 1.2.2Type of shields（2）shields（缓和性模糊限制语）（缓和性模糊限制语）Shields do not reflect the truth condition of the propositional content but reflect the degree of the speakers commitment to the truth value of the whole proposi

16、tion conveyed.Shields are also subdivided into two types: plausibility shields （直接缓和语）and attribution shields.（间接缓和语）We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint tem

17、plates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%Plausibility（直接缓和语）Plausibility shields refer to subject-predicate structure or adverbs which indicate different degrees of uncertain

18、ty on the part of the speaker, which can directly express the speakers guess work or doubtful attitude to an utterance e.g. I think, I suppose, I am afraid, I wonder, as far as I can tell, hard to say, seem, probably(15) Probably you are wrong.(16) I suppose they will get married.(17) I believe he i

19、s honest. (18) And I think we can probably just finish the work before evening. 1.2.2 Type of shieldsWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has

20、been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%1.2.3Type of shieldsAttributions（间接缓和语）refer to words or phrases which express the attitude of guess or doubt that is expressed not by the speaker bu

21、t by a third person, although the speaker has the same thought.e.g. Its said that, as is well known, the possibility would be, someone says that., according to somebody, etc. (19) According to my mother，our plan to visit the Great Wall has been canceled. (20) Its said that only a six-month-baby surv

22、ived that car accident.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of P

23、owerPoint for the very first time. WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%Conclusion of hedgesWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been spe

24、cifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85% 2.1Various distinction of modalityVon Wright（1979）alethic modality；epistemic modality; deontic modalityHallidy(1970)modality,modulitionLyons(1995)epistemic

25、modality; deontic modality;Palmer(1979,2000)epistemic modality; deontic modality; dynamic modalityCoates(1983)epistemic modality; root modalityWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. W

26、e have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%The INTERPERSONAL FUNCTION embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations. This inc

27、ludes the various ways the speaker enters a speech situation and performs a speech act. (Hu zhuanglin, 2006:313) Interpersonal function is realized by Mood and Modality.2.2 Interpersonal We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the wo

28、rld of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%Halliday (1970) believes that modality is related just to “thos

29、e linguistic items which are concerned with the assessment of probability and possibility.” Halliday(1994:362)把情态情态定义为说话人对命题的有效性和提议的对与错的态度，涵盖“是”与“否”之间的意义领域。他认为，情态系统包括情态化情态化(modalization)和意态意态(modulation)两个子系统。情态化指在以交换信息为语义功能的命题(proposition)中，说话人对命题可能性和经常性的判断，包括可能可能性性(probability)和经常性经常性(usuality);意态

30、指在以交换物品或服务为语义功能的提议句(proposal)中，说话人对提议的态度，包括义务义务(obligation)和意愿和意愿(willingness)(Halliday 1994:89)。2.2ModalityWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates th

31、at has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85% 2.2.1Classification of modalityWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the

32、 world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%Modalization: relates to how the valid information is being

33、presented, and covers the scale of in terms of probability ( possible；probable；certain) and usuality(sometimes；usually ；always).e.g: The child might be hers She often went there.2.2.1.1ModalizationWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping i

34、nto the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%2.2.1.2ModulationModulation: relates to how confident

35、 the speaker can appear to be in the eventual success of the exchange, and it includes the degree of obligation (allowed-supposed-required) and the inclination (willing-keen-determined).e.g: You should go now. I will give you a hand.We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically design

36、ed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%Tom must be at sc

37、hool(mean probability, realize modalization)Tom must go to school(mean obligation, realize modulation)Tom will go to school(mean inclination, realize modulationTom may be at school(mean usuality, realize modalization)2.2.1.3Which kinds of modality?We have many PowerPoint templates that has been spec

38、ifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%Ep

39、istemic modality（认知情态）（认知情态）: concerned with the speakers knowledge, belief or attitude towards the truth/ falsity of the proposition. An epistemic modal shows the speakers judgment of the various degrees of certainty to the factuality of a proposition. The judgment is about what out there in the ex

40、ternal world.MH370 must have crashed.MH370 might have shot down.Weak strongmight may could can should ought to would will must2.2.2Epistemic vs deonticWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first

41、 time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%Deontic modality（道义情态）（道义情态）: concerned with the speakers attitude to social factors of obligation,

42、 responsibility,and permission. It is for cases where circumstances of in the real world make possible or necessary the actualization of a state of affairs. It also signals a speakers judgment but it is about how people should act or behave in the real world. Usually communicates two types of social

43、 information obligation and permission2.2.2Epistemic vs deonticWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help any

44、one that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%Another standard classification proposed by Hoffmann (1966). According to him, modality could be divided into two main categories: epistemic modality and root modality. Epistemics deals w

45、ith possibilities that follow from the speakers knowledge, whereas roots deal with possibilities that follow from the circumstances surrounding the main event and its participants. 2.2.3 epistemic modality vs root modality2.2.3 epistemic modality vs root modalityEpistemics are taken to be speaker-or

46、iented, because they are about a speakers evaluation or judgment of, or belief of the knowledge such as likely, necessary, probable, etc. while roots are subject-oriented like can, could, must, and have to (Bybee, Perkins & Pagliuca 1994). For example:(25) Jane cannot read Harry Potter. root(26) Jan

47、e could rob a bank a month ago. root(27) It is not likely that Jane is reading Harry Potter. epistemic(28) It is likely/necessary/probable that Jane robbed a bank a month ago. epistemicWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the worl

48、d of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. WHAT MAKES USDIFFERENTDIFFERENT?85%85%(1) Hedge and modality could be used to cover the speakers ignora

49、nce or insufficient knowledge in some aspect. For example: A: Whats the matter with you?B: Im afraid Ive got a stomachache. B doesnt know for sure what is wrong actually. Im afraid here is used as hedge to soften Bs ignorance or lack of knowledge in medicine.3.Pragmatic Functions of Hedge and Modali

50、tyWe have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the ver