最新四六级翻译新题型之中国艺术PPT课件.ppt

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1、nP50n4.1 Calligraphy and Paintingn4.1.1 Calligraphyn书法ncalligraphyn硬笔书法npen calligraphyn表音成分nphonetic componentn表形成分nsymbolic componentn汉字偏旁ncomponents of Chinese charactersn线条艺术nthe art of linesn汉字书写（体）n Chinese scriptn篆书笔画柔美，形体方正，更近似象形文字。（柔美的笔画和方正的形体，使得篆书更接近象形文字。）nSoft lines of strokes and upright

2、 rectangular shapes keep the seal form characters more close to pictography.n此种样式的书法笔画流畅，字字相连，所以平滑、生动。nThis style of calligraphy is smooth and lively with strokes flowing and characters linking together. n前字最后一笔常顺入后字第一笔中，因此字与字常常连接一起。nThe characters are often joined, with the last stroke of one mergi

3、ng into the initial stroke of the next.n草书行笔自如而迅疾，所以字的某些部分看起来十分夸张。nIt is executed freely and rapidly so that parts of the character appear exaggerated.n即使在同一幅作品中，字体也会大小各异，好像一切皆由书写者的一时兴致所支配。nThey may vary in size in the same piece of writing, all seemingly dictated by the whims of the writer.n线条的流畅和毛

4、笔的节奏创造出一种整体的抽象美。nThe flow of the lines and the rhythm of the brush create an abstract beauty of the whole.n如要学习书法，以楷书开始大有裨益，因为这种结构很有规律，易于掌握和临摹，nWhen learning calligraphy, it is helpful to begin with the regular form because the structure is regular and easy to handle and copy.n行书介于楷书和草书之间，可使书写更加简练、快

5、速。nThe running form is somewhere between the regular and the cursive forms, allowing simpler and faster writing.n如果书写严谨、笔画分明，行书会很接近楷书，称作“行楷”。nWhen carefully written with distinguishable strokes, the running form characters will be very close to the regular style, called “the running regular form”.n如

6、果书写急速，行书会接近草书，称作“行草”。nWhen swiftly executed, they will approach the cursive form, called “the running cursive form”.nP53n书圣nthe Sage of Chinese Calligraphy (Wang Xizhi, Linyi)n碑刻（刻字石碑）ncarved stone tabletn拓片nstone rubbingn兰亭（集）序nThe Preface to the Lanting Collection of Calligraphy (Preface to the Or

7、chid Pavilion Collection)n唐太宗nEmperor Taizong of the Tang Dynastyn水墨画nink-wash paintingn东晋时期王羲之，人称“书圣” ，是中国历史上最著名的书法家之一。nWang Xizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the “Sage of Chinese Calligraphy”, is one of the most famous calligraphers in Chinese history.n从这些刻石上印制的拓片被广泛复制和印刷，并被用作学习和练习书法艺术的范本，为世世代代的学习

8、者所研习。nStone rubbings taken from them have been reproduced and reprinted widely and studied by generations of students, used as models to learn and practice the art of calligraphy.n唐太宗得到了兰亭集序的真迹。nThe original The Preface to the Lanting Collection of Calligraphy was acquired by Emperor Taizong of the

9、Tang Dynasty.n他爱不释手，于是命令宫廷书法家对其进行描摹。nHe liked it so much that he ordered his courts calligraphers to make copies of it.n他驾崩的时候，王羲之的书法成为他的殉葬品。nWhen he died, Wang Xizhis calligraphy was buried with him.n遍及中国各地，人们在寺庙里、山洞的墙壁上、高山的绝壁和纪念碑的侧面都可以看到装饰性书法作品。nAll over China, decorative calligraphy can be found

10、in temples, on the walls of caves, and on the sides of mountains and monuments.n4.1.2 Paintingn由于最早期的绘画和书法皆使用相同的工具和线条，故有“书画同源”一说。nSince similar tools and lines were used for the earliest painting and writing, painting is said to have the same origin as calligraphy.n水墨画注重风格上的艺术效果，在传统风景画历史上占有重要地位。nInk

11、-wash painting focuses on the artistic effect of the style, and holds an important place in the history of traditional landscape painting.n墨色的浓淡变化使画家创作出人物、风景、花鸟和亭台楼阁。nVariation in shade enables the artists to create human figures, landscapes, flowers, birds, and pavilions.nP54n题字（题词、题诗）、美术（绘画）、篆刻、装裱

12、、卷轴ncalligraphic writing, fine art, seal engraving, mount, scrolln奔马图、愚公移山nRunning Horses, The Foolish Man Moving the Mountainn水生动物naquatic animaln庸俗的趣味nvulgar tasten国际和平奖nthe International Peace Awardn壁画、山水画、木刻版画、插图、年画nmural painting, landscape painting, wood-cut block print, illustration, Spring F

13、estival picturen一副完整的国画通常包括题词、印章和绘画本身。nA painting normally consists of calligraphic writing, seal stamps, and the painting itself.n他们将绘画、诗歌、书法和篆刻融合在一起，以实现艺术的统一。nThey combine fine art, poetry, calligraphy, and seal engraving to achieve an artistic unison.n徐悲鸿是中国当代著名画家，也是一位在传统绘画和西方绘画上都获得显赫成就的美术大师。nXu

14、Beihong is a celebrated modern painter of China and a master of the fine arts who achieved eminence both in traditional painting and in Western painting.n他创作了万余幅作品，其中以花草鱼虫的画作最负盛名。nHe completed over 10,000 works, among which paintings of flowers and grasses, aquatic animals, and insects enjoy great p

15、opularity.n他曾经说过：“画妙在似与不似之间，太似则媚俗，不似则欺世。”nHe once said, “The excellence of a painting lies in its being alike, yet unlike. Too much likeness flatters the vulgar taste; too much unlikeness deceives the world.”n其目的不是要精确地再现大自然的原貌，而是要捕捉一种情感或意境，以此来获得大自然的“韵律”。nIts purpose was not to reproduce exactly the

16、appearance of the nature, but to grasp an emotion or atmosphere in such a way as to catch the “rhythm” of the nature.n按中国悠久的民间传统，年画用来庆贺中国农历新年。nSpring Festival Pictures are used for celebrating the Chinese lunar New Year in accordance with long Chinese folk tradition.n它们通常突出采用鲜艳的色彩和生动的人物，表达喜悦、幸福和对新年的

17、美好祝愿。nThey usually convey joy, happiness, and best wishes for the New Year by featuring bright colors and expressive figures.n4.1.3 Four Treasures of the Studyn文房四宝nfour treasures of the studyn笔墨纸砚nbrush, ink stick, paper, ink stonen要欣赏和理解中国书法，文房四宝，即笔墨纸砚，是不可忽视的，它们对艺术品的特征和表现形式起了决定性作用。nFour treasures

18、of the studybrush, ink, paper and ink stonecannot be neglected when appreciating and understanding Chinese calligraphy because they determine the features and the expressive forms of the work of art.nP55n湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚nHu brush, Hui ink stick, Xuan paper, Duan ink stonen墨（块）、模子、字帖、拓片、nink stick, mould,

19、 copybook, stone inscription rubbingn映描ntracen人们普遍认为，文房四宝中的精品以湖笔、徽墨、宣纸和端砚为代表，在国内外皆享有盛名。nIt is widely accepted that the best of each of these items is represented by the Hu brush, Hui ink stick, Xuan paper, and Duan ink stone, all being highly valued in both China and abroad.n这种纸以青檀树皮和稻草为原料，经过18道工序制成

20、，颜色雪白、质地柔软、结实耐用、吸水性强，而且能防虫蛀。nMade in an 18-step process from the bark of the wingceltis tree and rice straw, the paper is snow-white, soft, durable, absorbent and moth-proof.n因此，它是中国传统绘画和书法的最重要纸型。nHence, it is a principal type of paper for traditional Chinese painting and calligraphy.n这种砚台可以雕刻成各种形状和

21、图案，因此也是很好的书桌装饰品。nCarved into various shapes and designs, the ink stones also serve as fine desk ornaments.n欣赏中国书法是一种享受，但练习却是更大的享受。 nAppreciating Chinese calligraphy is an enjoyment but practicing it is an even higher enjoyment.n掌握了这种映描的技巧之后，就可以开始临摹练习了。nAfter mastering the tracing skill, you can begi

22、n practicing writing by imitating the models.nP56n书体、墨池ninscription, black pondn有一个代代相传的古老的练习方法，即反复练习写“永”字，因为这个字包含了八个基本笔画。nThere is an old method passed down from generation to generation, and that is to practice writing the character “永” repeatedly because it contains the eight basic dots and strok

23、es .n沈尹默评“永字八法”n书法上有讲究，所谓“永”字八法，这个包含了8个笔法（笔画：点横竖撇捺提钩，撇有两种：竖撇、斜撇）的永字，代表了练习书法的起点和功底究竟有多深。我们引申它： n第一，做人要像“永”字的“点”，昂首，充满自信和朝气； n第二，做人要像“永”字的“竖”，挺胸，充满力量与美； n第三，做人要像“永”字的“撇”，飘逸潇洒，看轻一切成绩和荣誉； n第四，做人要像“永”字的“捺”，脚踏实地，做好每一天的功课；nn 摘自书法漫谈沈尹默著n据说王羲之习字二十年才成为一位书法家，他洗毛笔的池子被称为 “墨池” 。nIt is said that Wang Xizhi practic

24、ed 20 years before he became a calligrapher and the pond where he washed his brushes became known as the “black pond”. n4.2 Traditional Operasn京剧、昆曲、秦腔n Beijing (Peking) Opera, Kunqu Opera, Shaanxi Operan中国戏曲与希腊悲剧和喜剧、印度佛教剧并称为世界三大最古老的戏剧形式。nChinese opera, together with Greek tragedy and comedy, and th

25、e Indian Sanskrit drama are the three most ancient forms of drama in the world.n三个戏剧形式中，中国戏曲是唯一的现存剧种。nOf these three, Chinese opera is the only remaining living form.n在中国，讲故事的同时，可以伴有大量不同的曲调、动作和乐器，这取决于表演的场所。这一点与西方戏剧不同。nDifferent from the Western dramas, in China, a story can be told accompanied by a

26、wide range of different tunes, actions, and musical instruments, depending on where it is being presented.n中国戏曲是包含了文学、音乐、舞蹈、武术和杂技的传统戏剧形式。nChinese operas are traditional dramas embracing literature, music, dance, martial arts, and acrobatics.n18世纪末，在北京演出的安徽和湖北的民间歌手，借鉴了某些戏剧、曲调和表演技巧，吸收了昆曲和秦腔中的民间乐曲和曲调，创

27、造了京剧。nTowards the end of the 18th century, folk singers of Anhui and Hubei provinces, who were performing in Beijing at the time, created Beijing Opera by borrowing some of the plays, tunes, and acting skills and by absorbing some of their folk music and tunes from Kunqu Opera and Shaanxi Opera.n经过一

28、段时间，京剧形成了自己的艺术风格和完整的表演体系。nOver the time, it developed its own artistic style and a complete repertoire.n现在，京剧被誉为中国戏曲的瑰宝。nPeking Opera is now regarded as the crown of Chinese opera.nP57n唱、念、做、打nsinging, reciting, acting, acrobatic fightingn腿脚功夫（步法）nfootworkn绿林好汉nheroic forest outlawsn滑稽戏nfarcen唱、念、做、

29、打是京剧的四种艺术手段和四项基本功。nSinging, recitation, acting, and acrobatic fighting are the four artistic means and the four basic skills of Beijing Opera.n手势、步法和其它的动作皆可以表达诸如骑马、划船、开门、上楼、爬山或旅行等行动。nGestures, footwork and other movements express actions such as riding a horse, rowing a boat, opening a door, going u

30、p stairs, climbing a hill, or traveling.n表演者的每个动作都有很高的象征性。nEach action by the performer is highly symbolic.n情感和思想常常通过这些象征性的动作表达出来，经过漫长岁月的表演之后，这种独特的表演模式得到了发展。nFeelings and ideas are often expressed through these symbolic motions and the unique format has developed over years of performance.n小生表演的最显著特

31、点，是将真假声结合起来进行说唱。nThe most distinctive feature of xiaosheng performance is the combination of real and falsetto voices in singsing and speaking.n青衣角色一般是个性坚强、气质文雅的青年女子或中年妇女。nQingyi characters are generally young or middle-aged women of strong character and refined disposition.nP58n四大名旦nFour Great Dan

32、Actorsn摆姿势nstrike posturen翻跟斗n tumblen脸谱nfacial make-up (of Beijing Opera)n著名的“四大名旦”梅兰芳、尚小云、程砚秋和荀慧生，对旦角表演和京剧的发展做出了卓越的贡献。nThe famous “Four Great Dan Actors”Mei Lanfang, Shang Xiaoyun, Cheng Yanqiu, and Xun Huishengmade significant contributions to the performance of Dan roles and the development of B

33、eijing Opera.n这些人物大多是乐观、耿直、豪侠、刚毅的人，或是奸诈、残忍的人。nThe characters are mostly cheerful, honest, gallant, and intrepid men or treacherous and cruel men.n净角的脸上涂着油彩，所以又称“花脸”。nJing characters wear colorful paint on their faces, so they are also known as hualian. (metaphor)n正净大多是主持公道、庄重忠诚的官员和将军。nMost zhengjing

34、 characters are serious, loyal officials and generals who firmly uphold justice. n生、旦、净、丑代表了各行各业的人们。nSheng, dan, jing, chou represent people from all walks of life. (metaphor)n中国戏曲中，男女演员使用不同的化妆品，与他们的角色要求的脸谱相符合。nIn Chinese drama, actors and actress wear different make-up that are consistent with the

35、types of facial make-up required of the characters.n他们的脸上常用各种颜色绘制不同的样式和图案。nColors are used to paint different patterns and designs on the face.n红色用来代表忠义之士；紫色代表忠诚、勇敢、正义和高尚的角色；黑色脸谱代表忠诚、英勇和率直的角色；绿色代表固执急躁、独来独往的角色；黄色代表凶狠、野蛮、工于心计的角色；白色代表专横奸诈的角色；而金银色相间的脸谱则代表鬼魂和神灵。nRed is used for loyal and upright persons;

36、 purple for loyal, brave, just, and noble characters; black make-up for faithful, brave, and straightforward characters; green for stubborn, irritable, and not easily controlled characters; yellow for fierce, brutal, and calculating characters; white for imperious and treacherous people; gold-silver

37、ed faces for ghosts and gods.nP59n反派角色nvillainn帮凶naccomplicen盔甲narmorn龙袍ndragon-patterned roben腰带ngirdlen传统京剧的表演常常基于历史事件，反映各个朝代的生活。nTraditional Beijing Opera performances are often based on historical events, reflecting life in each dynasty. n不同的长袍颜色表明了不同社会地位和人物性格：黄色代表皇家，红色代表贵族，而红蓝相间则代表暴徒。nDifferent

38、 robe colors indicate social status or character: yellow for the imperial family; red for nobility; red and blue for violent people. n除了漂亮的衣服和头巾，男女角色也佩戴镶有宝石的腰带和头饰。nBesides stunning clothes and headdresses, jeweled girdles and hair ornaments are also used for both male and female roles.n昆曲于2001年被联合国列

39、为人类口头非物质文化遗产。nIn 2001, Kunqu Opera was listed in the Oral and Intangible Cultural Heritage by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).nP. 60n秦腔、川剧、越剧、黄梅戏、粤剧nShaanxi Opera, Sichuan Opera (*Chuan Opera), Zhejiang Opera (*Yue Opera), Huangmei/Anhui Opera, Guandong

40、Opera (*Yue Opera)n剧团ntheatrical troupen秦腔是中国现存的最古老的戏曲，因此被称之为“中国地方戏之源”是当之无愧的。nShaanxi Opera, which is the oldest of all the Chinese operas still in existence today, is worthy of the name “ancestor of all Chinese local operas”.nP. 61n变脸是川戏常用的技法。nThe technique of “face changes” is most often used in S

41、ichuan Opera.n越剧的代表作包括梁山伯与祝英台、红楼梦、西厢记和追鱼。nRepresentative pieces of Zhejiang Opera include Butterflys Love, Dream of the Red Mansions, The West Chamber, and Chasing the Fish.n多才多艺的黄梅戏演员严凤英在天仙配和女驸马等戏剧中扮演了多种角色。nThe versatile Huangmei actress Yan Fengying played a variety of roles in different plays inc

42、luding The Heavenly Maid and the Mortal and Female Son-in-Law of the Emperor.nP 62n4.3 Folk Performing Artsn民间表演艺术nfolk performing artsn杂技nacrobaticsn木偶戏，皮影戏npuppet show, shadow shown傩（音“挪”）舞，舞叉nghost-exorcising opera, Flying Tridentn叠椅、顶缸、钻圈nBalance on Chairs, Jar tricks, Hoop Divingn中国有种类繁多的民间表演艺术

43、，其中以杂技、曲艺、木偶戏、皮影戏和傩舞为代表。nChina has a wide variety of folk performing arts featuring, among others, acrobatics, quyi, puppet show, shadow shows and the ghost-exorcising opera.n杂技是中国传统表演艺术宝库中一颗璀璨的明珠。nAcrobatics is a pearl in the treasure chest of traditional Chinese performing arts.n中国杂技已经在中国存在2000多年，

44、是一笔历史悠久、内容丰富的宝贵遗产。nChinese acrobatics has a long and rich heritage, having been in existence in China for more than 2,000 years.n这些成就都应该归功于数百年来中国杂技演员的独特的创造性。nThese achievements owe greatly to the unique creativity of Chinese acrobats throughout the past centuries.n曲艺是中国一种古老的表演艺术，这个词是一个涵义广泛的术语，包括了多种利

45、用对话、唱歌或两者兼而有之的表演形式。nAn ancient Chinese performing art, quyi is a general term covering several different types of performances in which speech, singing, or both are used.n很多作品歌颂了国家英雄、清官和忠贞不渝的爱情，所以说，好的曲艺作品反映了人们的思想、理想和道德指向。nExcellent quyi items reflect peoples thought, ideals, and moral aspirations, w

46、ith many works singing the praises of national heroes, honest officials, and faithful lovers.nP 63n相声ncross-talkn说、学、逗、唱ntalking, imitating, fun-making, singingn单口相声、对口相声、群口相声nmonologue comic talk, comic cross-talk, multilogue cross-talkn快板、评书nclapper talk, storytellingn醒木（惊堂木）n gaveln春节联欢晚会（春晚）nNew

47、 Year Gala Shown哑剧npantomimen相声表演的特点是说、学、逗、唱。nThe performance of cross-talk is characterized by talking, imitating, fun-making, and singing. n一个技能高超的相声演员必须发音清楚，能够模仿各种人物和具有声音效果的情景。nA skilled cross-talk performer must have clear enunciation, and be able to imitate various kinds of people and situation

48、s with sound effects.n因此，观众不仅能享受到娱乐，而且能受到教育和启发。nSo, the audience is not only entertained, but also educated and enlightened. n小品表演的时间大约为15分钟。1983年，小品首次经电视在全国播放就受到广泛欢迎。nAbout 15 minutes in length, xiaopin performances were first popularized when televised nationally in 1983 in China. n这种滑稽讽刺剧简短活泼、辛辣尖

49、刻，20多年来一直是中国春节联欢晚会上大受欢迎的节目。nThe short, brisk, humorous, and often poignant comic skits have been popular items on Chinese televisions New Year Gala Show for more than 20 years. n双簧是一种两人表演的民间艺术，一个人表演哑剧，另一个人躲在他或她身后，负责所有的说唱（说和/或唱）。nShuanghuang is a kind of two-person folk art, with one acting in pantomime and the other hiding behind him or her doing all the speaking and/or singing.