b第二章杂质检查教程.ppt
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1、 1. The manufacturing process The majority of modern pharmaceutical chemicals are prepared by organic synthesis from starting materials which are, themselves, either synthetic organic chemicals or natural products isolated from biological sources. The process itself may, therefore, introduce impurit
2、ies into the final products. The starting material and its impurities Intermediates Reagents, solvents and catalysts used in the process Reaction vessels Pharmaceutical chemicals may be either isolated from biological sources or prepared by synthesis from chemical starting materials. Biological sour
3、ces include plant, animal tissues and microbiological fermentation.Whatever the process, the identity of the source material should be verified and its quality established. Additionally, the presence of any related or non-related substance present in the starting material which might be carried thro
4、ugh the process to contaminate the final product should be identified.2. Raw materials Impurity can arise during storage as a result of chemical instability. A number of pharmaceutically important substances are known to undergo chemical decomposition when stored under non-ideal conditions。The natur
5、e of the decomposition, which is often catalysed by light, traces of acid or alkali, air oxidation, water vapour, carbon dioxide and traces of metallic ions, can frequently be predicted from a knowledge of the chemical properties of the substance. Resource: general impurities and specific impurities
6、l 一般杂质,如酸、碱、水分、氯化物、硫酸盐、砷盐、重金属等。l 特殊杂质是指在个别药物的生产和贮藏过程中引入的杂质。 Structure: organic and inorganic impurities 无机杂质有氯化物、硫酸盐、硫化物、氰化物、重金属等。 有机杂质如有机药物中引入的原料、中间体、副产物、分解产物、异构体和残留溶剂等。Pharmacological effectiveness: signal and harmful impurities 信号杂质本身一般无害,但其含量的多少可以反映出药物的纯度水平。 有害杂质如重金属、砷盐、氰化物等,对人体有毒害,所以在质量标准中要加以严格
7、控制,以保证用药的安全。 在不影响疗效和不发生毒性的前提下,对于药物中可能存在的杂质,允许含有一定的量。药物中所含杂质的最大允许量,叫做杂质限量。药物中杂质的检查,一般也不要求测定其含量,而只检查杂质的量是否超过限量。这种杂质检查的方法叫做杂质的限量检查(limit test)。在药品质量标准中杂质的检查多数为限量检查。 Limit tests are quantitative or semiquantitative tests designed to identify and control small quantities of impurity which are likely to b
8、e present in the substance. Any test used as a limit test must, of necessity, give some form of selective reaction with the trace impurity. 2. Experiment 进行杂质的限量检查时,可取一定量被检杂质的对照品溶液与一定量供试品溶液在相同条件下处理后,比较反应结果,以确定杂质含量是否超过规定。使用此类方法时,须注意平行原则。供试溶液和对照溶液应在完全相同的条件下反应,如加入的试剂、反应的温度、放置的时间等均应相同。只有这样,反应的结果才有可比性。 杂
9、质的限量通常用百分之几或百万分之几来表示。对危害人体健康,影响药物稳定性的杂质,必须严格控制其限量。药物中杂质限量的制订除了根据杂质本身的性质外,还要根据生产所能达到的水平并参考各国药典的标准。 供试品中杂质限量 =杂质最大允许量100% 3.Calculation 供试品量 供试品(S)中所含杂质的量是通过与一定杂质标准溶液进行比较来确定的,杂质的最大允许量也就是杂质标准溶液的浓度(C)与体积(V)的乘积,因此杂质限量(L)的计算可写成下式:杂质限量= 或 L=标准溶液的浓度标准溶液的体积供试品量100%CVS100%中国药典的氯化物检查法是利用氯化物在硝酸酸性溶液中与硝酸银试液作用,生成氯
10、化银的白色浑浊液,与一定量标准氯化钠溶液在相同条件下生成的氯化银浑浊比较,以判断供试品中的氯化物是否超过了限量。This test depends upon the precipitation of the chloride with silver nitrate in the presence of dilute nitric acid, and comparison of the opalescent solution so obtained with a standard opalescence containing a known amount of chloride ions. Th
11、e opalescence in the two solutions is compared by examination in special vessels known as Nessler Glasses, by viewing them transversely through the solution against a dark background. The limit test for chlorides硫酸盐检查是利用该杂质与氯化钡在盐酸酸性溶液中生成硫酸钡的白色混浊,与一定量标准硫酸钾溶液与氯化钡在相同条件下生成的浑浊比较,以判断药物中硫酸盐是否超过限量。This test
12、 depends upon the precipitation of the sulphate with barium chloride in the presence of hydrochloric acid The opalescent solution so obtained is compared with a standard turbidity containing a known amount of sulphate ion. The limit test for sulphates检查药品中的铁盐杂质,中国药典和USP均采用硫氰酸盐 法。其原理为铁盐在盐酸酸性溶液中与硫氰酸铵生
13、成红色可溶性硫氰酸铁配位离子,与一定量标准铁溶液用同法处理后所呈的颜色进行比较。This test, based on the formation of the red ferric thiocyanate after treatment with bromine or ammonium peroxydisulphate to ensure that all the iron is oxidised to the ferric(iron )state,is official in the ChP and USP. The limit test for iron铁盐-硫氰酸盐法BP采用巯基醋酸法
14、检查药物中铁盐。巯基醋酸还原Fe3+ 为Fe2+ ,在氨碱性溶液中作用生成红色配位离子,与一定量标准铁溶液经同法处理后产生的颜色进行比较。This test is based on the formulation of a purple color by reaction of the iron with mercaptoacetic acid in a solution buffered with ammonium citrate and comparison of the color produced with a standard color containing a known amo
15、unt of iron.铁盐-巯基醋酸法The limit test for ironContamination by lead and other heavy metals is most effectively controlled by precipitation of their relatively insoluble and characteristically colored sulphides or alkali metal sulphides. The stability of metal sulphides to acid varies considerably with
16、acid strength. The British, European and United States Pharmacopoeias still retain limit tests for lead where this has been established as a potential impurity in some compounds for long-term administration and particularly in certain products for large-dose administration by the intravenous route.e
17、g: 对乙酰氨基酚中检查氯化物 取对乙酰氨基酚2.0g,加水100ml,加热溶解后冷却,滤过,取滤液25ml,依法检查氯化物(中国药典,2000年版附录),所发生的浑浊与标准氯化钠溶液5.0ml(每1ml相当10g的Cl)制成对照液比较,不得更浓。问氯化物的限量是多少? %01. 0%10010025102501. 03SVCL The limit test for arsenic中国药典采用古蔡(Gutzeit)法和二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸银(silver diethyldithio-carbamate)法检查药物中微量砷盐。This procedure is designed to deter
18、mined the presence of trace amount of arsenic by converting the arsenic in a substance under test to arsine.Two methods are provided:Gutzeit method and silver diethyldithio-carbamate method. The test is a modification of the Gutzeit test in which all arsenic is converted into arsine(AsH3) by reducti
19、on with zinc and hydrochloric acid. Reaction of the issuing gases with mercuric bromide paper produces a yellow stain, which can be compared with that produced from a known amount of arsenic. AsH3+2HgBr22HBr+AsH(HgBr)2(yellow)AsH3+3HgBr23HBr+AsH(HgBr)3(brown) The capacity of the flask should be abou
20、t 100ml, and the dimensions of the tube are required to comply with certain definite specifications (200 x 5mm,id). The tube is open at both ends with a ground flanged surface at the upper end. The tube is packed with cotton wool previously impregnated with lead acetate solution and dried. A small e
21、xtension tube of the same id. and similarly flanged at one end is to used to fix the mercuric bromide paper in position in such a way that all the arsine will pass through a circle of paper 5 mm in diameter.The two tubes with the mercuric bromide paper in place are held together by a sprine clip.l A
22、sO4+2I+2H+AsO3-3+I2+H2O AsO4 +Sn2+2H+ AsO3-3 +Sn4+H2O I2 + Sn2+ 2I + Sn4+ 4I + Zn2+ ZnI42 氯化亚锡与碘化钾还可抑制锑比氢的生成,因锑化氢也能与溴化汞试纸作用生成锑斑。在试验条件下,100g锑存在也不致干扰测定。氯化亚锡又可与锌作用,在锌粒表面形成锌锡齐,起去极化作用,从而使氢气均匀而连续地发生。 锌粒及供试品中可能含有少量硫化物,在酸性液中能产生硫化氢气体,与溴化汞作用生成硫化汞的色斑,干扰试验结果,故用醋酸铅棉花吸收硫化氢。中国药典附录规定用醋酸铅棉花60mg,装管高度约6080mm,以控制醋酸铅棉花填
23、充的松紧度,使既能免除硫化氢的干扰(100gS2存在也不干扰测定),又可使砷化氢以适宜的速度通过。 溴化汞试纸与砷化氢作用较氯化汞试纸灵敏,但所呈砷斑不够稳定,在反应中应保持干燥及避光,并立即与标准砷斑比较。 4. Standard solution 用三氧化二砷配制贮备液,于临用前取贮备液新鲜配制标准砷溶液,每1ml标准砷溶液相当于1g的As。中国药典规定标准砷斑用2ml标准砷溶液(相当2gAs)制备。可得清晰的砷斑,过深或过浅均会影响比色的正确性。药物含砷限量不同,可按规定限量改变供试品取用量。 5. Pre-treatment 能溶解于水,且不干扰检查的药物,直接依法检查。多数环状结构的
24、有机药物,因砷在分子中可能以共价键结合,要先行有机破坏,否则检出结果偏低或难以检出。常用的有机破坏方法有碱破坏法和酸破坏法。中国药典采用碱破坏法,如酚磺酞、呋塞米等检查砷盐时,于供试品中加氢氧化钙先小火灼烧使炭化,再于500600炽灼至完全灰化。二、Bettendoffs Method 含锑药物如葡萄糖酸锑钠,用古蔡法检查砷时,锑盐也可被还原为锑化氢,与溴化汞试纸作用,产生灰色锑斑,干扰砷斑的检出: SbH3+HgBr2 SbH2(HgBr)+HBr 改用白田道夫(Bettendoff)法检查砷,其原理主氯化亚锡在盐酸中能将砷盐还原成棕褐色的胶态砷,与一定量标准溶液用同法处理后的颜色进行比较,
25、即可判断供试品的含砷量。 2As+3+SnCl2+6HCl 2As+3SnCl4+6H+ 本法反应灵敏度为20g(以As2O3计),加入少量二氯化汞能提高反应灵敏度达2g/10ml。C H 25N C52C H SAgSAsH +6Ag(DDC)+3N3As(DDC) +6Ag+3 N3HDDC 本法装置如图在砷化氢发生瓶A中,供试溶液(或标准砷溶液)的试验条件(如加酸量和试剂量)均同古蔡法,加锌粒后即将生成的砷化氢导入盛有Ag(DDC)溶液5.0ml的D管中,将A瓶置2540水浴中,反 应 4 5 分 钟 后 , 取 出 以Ag(DDC)溶液为空白,于510ml波长处,测定吸收度,供试溶液的
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