劣质原油加工过程中重金属的迁移分布及污染控制-孙慧.docx
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1、中国石油大学(华东 ) 硕士学位论文 劣质原油加工过程中重金属的迁移分布及污染控制 姓名:孙慧 申请学位级别:硕士 专业:环境科学与工程 指导教师:赵东风 201205 摘要 随着原油劣质化趋势越来越明显,劣质、超劣质原油中重金属含量随之升高,劣质 原油加工过程中重金属污染问题越来越受到人们的关注。本文选定某 1000万吨 /a典型燃 料型炼厂,对其原材料、主要产品和 “ 三废 ” 中镍、钒、铜、铁、铅、锌、锰七种重金属 进行浓度测定,回答了炼厂 “ 三废 ” 是否对外环境造成重金属污染的问题,研究了石油 加工过程中重金属迁移分布规律,并提出了一系列石油加工过程重金属环境污染控制方 案。 通过
2、对炼厂外排 “ 三废 ” 中重金属含量测定并计算得出:炼厂外排水中铁离子浓度稍 高为 1.46pg/g, 其余六种金属浓度很低,铜、锌、铅和锰浓度不足 . lpg/g, 镍、钒浓度 不足 0.00lHg/g*不会对城市污水处理厂造成押击,对外环境的影响很小;炼厂所产生的 固废污染物重金属质量浓度普遍很高,浓度从几 Hg/g到几千 pg/g, 其中废 FCC催化剂中 金 属铁浓度高达 7168pg/g,对于高重金属浓度的固废污染物若处理不当,将会造成严重 的重金属污染;经计算废气中重金属浓度从几 jig/g到 100pg/g以上,其中催化裂化再生烟 气中铁浓度高达 116.77jig/g, CF
3、B锅炉烟气中镍、钒浓度分别为 30.19Hg/g和 66.98ng/g, 重金属浓度较高,造成一定程度的大气重金属污染。 通过对炼厂主要物料中七种重金属进行浓度测定,研究重金属在石油加工过程的迁 移分布规律,研究结果表明:原油经常减压后其中重金属元素主要迁移至减压渣油中, 镍、钒的分布比例在 99%以上,铜、锌、铅、锰的分布比例为 97%以上,而金属铁的分 布比例相对较小仅为 79%;减压渣油经延迟焦化过程后,金属主要迁移至焦炭中,其中 镇、轨、锌、铅、锰在焦炭中的分布比例在 96%以上,铁、铜的分布比例相对较小分别 为 62%和 77%;催化裂化过程中,催化原料中金属大部分沉积在催化剂上,废
4、催化裂化 催化剂中金属镍、钒、铁、锌、铅、锰的分布比例在 1%左右,金属铜的分布比例在 16%; 对于焦炭作 CFB锅炉燃料燃烧,焦炭中 97%以上的金属分布到燃烧后产生的灰渣中;对 于炼厂外排废水中金属分布比例很小,镍、钒分布比 例不足 0.01%,铁、铜、锌、铅、 锰的分布比例不足 1%。 原油中重金属经石油加工过程最终分布在炼尸 4三废 ” 中。通过分析 “ 三废 ” 中重金属 - 主要来源及目前 “ 三废 ” 处理方式,提出了一系列重金属污染控制方案:应用多效蒸发器 对电脱盐污水单独处理;将石油焦和炼厂污泥做锅炉燃料燃烧,灰渣作为重金属矿藏进 行金属回收利用等。对石油加工过程重金属污染
5、进行有效控制,保护环境。 关键词:劣质原油,重金属,迁移分布,污染控制,废 FCC催化剂, CFB锅炉灰渣 Migration,distribution and pollution control of heavy metals , in inferior crude oil processing SunHui (Environmental Engineering) Directed by Prof. Zhao Dongfeng Abstract The content of heavy metals increases with the inferior trend of crude oil
6、 is more and more obvious. Heavy metal pollution problem in the inferior crude oil processing is more and more attended by people. This study Determined the concentration of nickel, vanadium, copper, iron, lead, zinc, manganese in raw materials, the main products and “three wastes“ of the selected a
7、 10 million t/a typical fuel refinery. Answer the question that “three wastes“ in refinery whether cause heavy metal pollution to the external environment; Study the migration and distribution rule of heavy metals in the oil processing; And propose a series of control program about the heavy metal e
8、nvironmental pollution in petroleum processing. Determining and calculating the content of heavy metals in “three wastes“ pollution of the refinery emissions, the result shows: The concentration of iron ion is slightly higher for 1.46 ug/g in the refinery emissions wastewater, the concentration of r
9、emaining six metals is very low, the concentration of copper, zinc, lead and manganese is less than 0.01|ig/g and the concentration of nickel, vanadium is less than 0.001 ng/g, that will not impact the urban sewage treatment plants and the external environment; The mass concentration of common heavy
10、 metal pollutants in refinery solid waste from a few jxg/g to thousands g/g is generally very high, the iron concentration in the waste FCC catalyst is as high as 7168 ng/g, the high concentration of heavy metals in solid waste pollutants, if not handled properly, will lead to serious heavy metal po
11、llution; The concentration of heavy metal by calculating in the waste gas is from a few ig/g to above 100 ig/g, Among them, iron concentration in the FCC regeneration flue gas is as high as 11677 ug/g, the concentrations of nickel and vanadium in CFB boiler flue gas are up to 30.19 ug/g and 66.98ug/
12、g, much higher than their concentrations in the air, may cause a certain degree of atmospheric heavy metal pollution. Through determining the concentrations of the seven kinds of heavy metals in refinery material, study the the migration and distribution rule of heavy metals in the oil processing, t
13、he result shows: The heavy metal elements in crude oil mainly migrate to the vacuum residue through tmospheric and vacuum, the distribution ratios of Nickel and vanadium are more than 99%, copper, zinc, lead and manganese are above 97%, and the iron distribution ratio is relatively small about only
14、79%; The metals in vacuum residue primarily migrate to the coke after the delayed coking process, distribution ratios of nickel, vanadium, zinc, lead and manganese in the coke are more than 96%, the distribution ratios of iron and copper are relatively small about only 62% and 77%; During the fluid
15、catalytic cracking process, metals in catalytic materials are mostly deposited in the spent catalyst, the distribution ratios of nickel, vanadium, iron, zinc, lead and manganese in the spent FCC catalyst are about 1%, the copper distribution ratio is up to 16%; For coke as fiiel of the CFB boiler, m
16、ore than 97% metals in coke distribute in the ash generated byi coke combustion. Distribution proportion of metals in the wastewater from refinery emission is very small, the distribution ratios of nickel and vanadium are less than 0.01%, iron, copper, zinc, lead and manganese are less than 1%, Heav
17、y metals in Crude oil finally distribute in the refinery “three wastes“ during the oil processing. By analyzing the main source of heavy metals in the “three wastes“and the way of “three wastes“ treatment, propose a series control programs of heavy metal pollution: treatment the electric desalting s
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- 劣质 原油 加工 过程 重金属 迁移 分布 污染 控制
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