太湖沉积物重金属的生物有效性及毒性研究-任静华.docx
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1、陕西科技大学 硕士学位论文 太湖沉积物重金属的生物有效性及毒性研究 姓名:任静华 申请学位级别:硕士 专业:环境科学 指导教师:马宏瑞 201105 太湖沉积物重金属的生物有效性及毒性研究 摘要 本论文首先调查了太湖表层沉积物中重金属分布特征和赋存形态,以镉 (Cd)为目标研究物,研究了不同 Cd 暴露浓度和暴露时间对底栖生物和沉水 植物的氧化胁迫效应,旨在揭示其在水生生物体内的致毒机制,选择敏感的 生物标志物,同时研究了 Cd 在生物体内的富集,为评价 Cd 的水环境生态 安全提供一定的科学依据。主要研究结果如下: (1) 评价了太湖表层沉积物中重金属的污染现状,同时,使用薄膜扩 散梯度技术
2、 ( DGT)和 BCR 三步提取法评价了 Cu、 Zn、 Ni 和 Cd 的生物可 利用性。结果表明:重金属在太湖北部富集严重, BCR 提取结果表明 , Cu 和 Zn 的生物有效性较高, Ni 和 Cd 的较低,以残渣态为主。 Cu、 Zn 和 Ni 的还原态含量与沉积物中 Fe (Cu: r=0.602, p Mn (Cu: r=0.801, p0.01; Zn: F=0.882, p0.01; Ni: r=0.882, p0.01)含量显著性相关;氧化态浓度与总有机碳 ( TOC)含量的相关性也 很好 (Cu:r=0.863, p0.01;Zn:r=0.887,p0.01;Ni:r=
3、0.896, p0.01), 然而,未 发现 Cd 的这种相关性。多元线性回归分析结果表明, DGT 测定能够反映 pH 和 TOC 对重金属生物有效性的影响。 (2) 通过实验室模拟方法,将河蚬暴露于不同浓度 Cd 污染太湖沉积 物中,研究河蚬肝脏抗氧化酶活性、谷胱甘肽含量、脂质过氧化及金属硫蛋 白含量的变化;同时研究了河蚬软体组织中 Cd 富集量及其水环境中 Cd 的 分布规律,采用DGT 和 BCR 形态分析法分别测定沉积物中 Cd有效形态和 释放规律。结果表明,超氧化物歧化酶 ( SOD)和还原型谷胱甘肽 ( GSH) 比过氧化氢酶 ( CAT)、 过氧化物酶 ( POD)、 氧化型谷
4、胱甘肽 ( GSSG)等 更敏感,它们在抗氧化防御的第一个阶段发挥了重要作用,有望成为早期预 警生物标志物,丙二醛 ( MDA)和金属硫蛋白 ( MT)响应滞后但是测定结 果稳定,具有成为早期 预警生物标志物的潜力。当沉积物中 Cd 含量为 0.91mg/kg 时,生物体内就出现了效应,是该试验浓度组中的最低可观察效 应浓度。随着加标浓度增大, DGT 和 BCR 测得 Cd 浓度值增高,上覆水中 Cd 含量增加,河蚬体内 Cd 富集量增多,暴露 14d 和 28d 后, DGT及 BCR 两种方法获得的有效态浓度值与河蚬软体组织 Cd 富集均显著相关, r2值均 在 0.9 以上。 (3)
5、将苦草暴露于 Cd 污染太湖沉积物中,研究了苦草叶片抗氧化系 统和叶绿素含量对 Cd 的响应,苦草叶片和根部 Cd 富集量,并且分析了 BCR 提取浓度与苦草组织 Cd 富集量之间的关系。结果表明: Cd 诱导了苦草叶片 组织中自由基的生成,且自由基的信号强度与 POD 活性呈正相关,揭示金 属 Cd 诱导机体生成活性氧 ( ROS), 导致的氧化胁迫可能是重要的致毒机 制; SOD、 POD 和MDA 均是随 Cd 暴露浓度的增大,其活性或含量是先增 后减的,与对照组相比,在低浓度下就有了显著性差异,说明它们对环境中 Cd 的胁迫是敏感的,可以考虑作为敏感生物标志物;同样 Cd 含量在 0.
6、91mg/kg 时,苦草组织就出现了效应,是该实验浓度组中的最低可观察 效 应浓度;随着 Cd 加标浓度增大,苦草体内 Cd富集量增多,并且与沉积物 中 Cd 浓度具有很好的相关性; BCR 测得 Cd 浓度值与苦草叶片和根部 Cd 富集量有很好的相关性, r2值均在 0.96 以上。 (4) 研究了不同暴露时间,河蚬肝脏抗氧化防御系统对 Cd 的响应, 软体组织中 Cd 富集量与暴露时间的关系。研究结果如下: SOD、 MDA 和 GSH 在较短的暴露时间内,与对照相比,就出现了显著性差异,比 CAT 和 GSSG 要敏感;当暴露 Id 时,生物体内就出现了效应,是该实验浓度组中 的最短效应
7、时间;随着暴露时间的延长,河蚬体内 Cd 富集量增大,在第 4d 时开始迅速增加, 28d 时达最大值,加标浓度越大,体内富集量越多。 关键词:太湖,沉积物,重金属,氧化胁迫, DGT, 河蚬 STUDIES ON BIOANAILABILITY AND TOXICITY OF HEAVY METALS IN SEDIMENTS FROM LAKE TAIHU ABSTRACT In the present study, we investigated the distribution and chemical speciation of heavy metals in the surface
8、 sediments of Lake Taihu. The cadmium was chosed as the pollutant. The effects of different exposed concentrations and time on the antioxidant system of the bentonic organism and submerged plant were studied in order to reveal mechanisms of toxicity and discuss early-warning biomarker under the stre
9、ss of Cd. The bioaccumulation of Cd in the organism was also investigated. These results will offer the scientific evidence for its behavior in aquatic environment. The major results were summarized as follows: (1) The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the pollution of heavy metals in the surfac
10、e sediments from 13 sampling sites of Lake Taihu. At the same time, the Diffusive Gradient in Thin Films (DGT) techniques and the BCR (European Communities Bureau of Reference) three-step sequential extraction procedure were used to assess the availability of Cu, Zn, Ni and Cd. The results showed th
11、at enrichment of heavy metals was most serious in the northern of Lake Taihu. The BCR indicated relatively high mobility of Cu and Zn while poor mobility of Ni and Cd, which were associated with the residual fraction. The reducible fraction of metals had significant correlation (Cu: r=0.602, p0.05;
12、Zn: r=0.678, p0.05; Ni: r=0.772, p0.01) with Fe and (Cu: r=0.801, p0.01; Zn: i=0.882, p0.01; Ni: r=0.882, p0.01) with Mn and the oxidizable fraction was well correlated (Cu: r=0.863, p0.01; Zn: r=0.887, p0.01; Ni: r=0.896, p0.01) with the content of TOC. However, the similar relationship was not fou
13、nd for Cd. The multiple linear regressions between DGT measurements and BCR fractions, pH and TOC showed DGT technique consider the effect of TOC and pH on metal availability. (2) A simulated experiment that Corbicula fluminea was exposed in the Cd contaminated sediment of Lake Taihu was conducted i
14、n the laboratory. The effects of Cd on the antioxidant enzyme activities, the contents of glutathione malondialdehyde (MDA), and metallothionein (MT) in the liver of Corbicula fluminea were studied. The bioaccumulation of Cd in Corbicula jluminea and the distribution regularity of Cd in water were a
15、lso discussed. The concentration of Cd extracted by DGT and BCR three stage sequential extraction procedure and the releasing regularities were determined in sediment of Lake Taihu. The results showed that the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) were m
16、ore sensitive than the activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and the oxidized glutathione (GSSG). They may play a vital role in the first guard in the detoxification process. The MDA and MT responded later, but the results were stable, which had the potential to be used as early-warning bio
17、markers. The 0.91mg/kg was the lowest effect concentration. With the contaminated concentration increase, the concentration of Cd extracted by DGT and BCR, in overlying water and accumulated in Corbicula fluminea increased .The content of Cd in Corbicula fluminea were significantly correlated with t
18、he results measured by two methods after 14 days, and 28days exposure. The related coefficients (r2) were greater than 0.9. (3) The Vallisneria natans were exposed in the Cd contaminated sediment of Lake Taihu .The bioaccumulation and oxidative stress in the leaf of Vallisneria natans under Cd expos
19、ure were studied. The relationship between bioaccumulation of Cd and the concentration extracted by BCR was investigated too. The results showed that free radical induced by Cd was positively related to POD activity, revealed that the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulted oxidative st
20、ress which was important mechanisms of toxicosis. SOD, POD and MDA had the similar change trends with the exposure concentration increased, which increased firstly and then reduced. They had significant difference in low concentrations compared with CK, indicating that they were sensitive and could
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