化学工程与工艺专业英语课后答案(1).doc

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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date化学工程与工艺专业英语课后答案(1)Key to ExerciseKey to ExerciseUnit 1 Chemical Industries-1. the Industrial Revolution2. organic chemicals3. the contact process4. the Haber process5. synthetic polymer

2、s6. intermediates7. artificial fertilizers8. pesticides 9. synthetic fibers10. pharmaceutical11. research and development12. petrochemical 13. computers14. capital intensiveSome Chemicals Used In Our Daily LifeFood artificial fertilizers, pesticide, veterinary productsHealth antibiotics, -blockersCl

3、othing synthetic fibers (e.g. polyesters, polyamides), synthetic dyesSheltersynthetic polymers (e.g. urea-formaldehyde, polyurethanes), plasticsLeisure plastics and polymers (e.g. nylon)Transport additives (e.g. anti-oxidants, viscosity index impovements),polymers, plasticsUnit 2 Research and Develo

4、pment1. R&D2. ideas and knowledge3. process and products4. fundamental5. applied6. product development7. existing product8. pilot plant9. a emerging case10. environmental impact11. energy cost12. technical support13. process improvement 14. effluent treatment15. pharmaceutical16. sufficiently pure17

5、. Reaction18. unreacted material 19. by-products20. the product specification21. Product storageUnit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers1. Mechanical2. electrical3. civil4. scale-up5. commercial-size6. reactors7. distillation columns8. pumps9. control and instrumentation 10. mathematics11. in

6、dustry12. academia 13. steam14. cooling water15. an economical16. to improve17. P&I Drawings18. Equipment Specification Sheets19. Construction 20. capacity and performance 21. bottlenecks22. Technical Sales 23. new or improved24. engineering methods25. configurationsUnit 4 Sources of Chemicals1. ino

7、rganic chemicals2. derive from3. petrochemical processes4. Metallic ores5. extraction process6. non-renewable resource7. renewable sources8. energy source9. fermentation process10. selective11. raw material12. separation and purification13. food industry14. to be wetted15. Key to success16. Crushing

8、 and grinding17. Sieving18. Stirring and bubbling19. Surface active agents20. OverflowingUnit 5 Basic Chemicals1. Ethylene2. acetic acid3. Polymerization4. Polyvinyl acetate5. Emulsion paintHigh-volume sectorLow-volume sectorProduction scaletens to hundreds of thousands tons per yeartens to a few th

9、ousands tons per yearProducts / a plantsingle productmulti-productsOperation mannercontinuousbatchPrice or profitfairly cheapvery profitableUsageintermediatesend-productsChallengesreduced demand, environment pollutionProducts in the sectorsulphuric acid, phosphorus-containing compounds, nitrogen-con

10、taining compounds, chlor-alkali, petrochemicals, commodity polymersagrochemicals, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, speciality polymersUnit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes1. Ammonia2. ammonia absorber3. NaCl & NH4OH4. Carbon dioxide5. NH4Cl6. Rotary drier7. Light Na2CO38. WaterProductRaw materialMajo

11、r steps orPrincipal reactionsUsesSoda-ashbrine, limestoneammoniating, carbonating, precipitating, filtering, drying, calciningraw material for glassmaking, sodium silicate; as an alkali Chlorinebrine2Na+ + 2Cl - +2H2O NaOH +Cl2 +H2as water purification, bleaching of wood pulp; production of vinyl ch

12、loride, solvents, inorganic chlorine-containing productsCaustic sodabrine2Na+ + 2Cl - +2H2O NaOH +Cl2 +H2for paper-making, manufacture of inorganic chemicals, syntheses of organic chemicals, production of alumina and soapSulfuric acidelemental sulphurS +O2 SO2SO2 + O2 SO3SO3 + H2O H2SO4feedstock for

13、 fertilizers; production of ethanol, hydrofluoric acid, aluminum sulphates Unit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea1. kinetically inert2. some iron compounds3. exothermic4. conversion5. a reasonable speed6. lower pressures7. higher temperatures8. capital9. energy10. steam reforming11. carbon monoxide12.

14、 secondary reformer13. the shift reaction14. methane15. 3:11787C. Bertholletdiscovers the composition of ammonia1903Fritz Habersynthesizes ammonia1909Fritz Haberdrives the optimum reaction conditions1909-1914C. Bosch, A. Mittaschscale-up the process1913in BASFbuild a pilot plant1919Fritz Haberreceiv

15、es the Noble price1920sin Britain and AmericaIntroduce the Haber process1931C. Boschreceives the Noble priceUnit 8 Petroleum Processing1. organic chemicals2. H:C ratios3. high temperature carbonization4. crude tar5. pyrolysis6. poor selectivity 7. consumption of hydrogen8. the pilot stage 9. surface

16、 and underground10. fluidized bed 11. Biotechnology12. sulfur speciesUnit 9 PolymersAbbreviationName of polymerLDPELow density polyethylene低密度聚乙烯HDPEHigh density polyethylene高密度聚乙烯LLDPELinear low density polyethylene线性低密度聚乙烯PET or PBTPoly ethylene terephthalate (PET) Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)

17、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯PVCPoly vinyl chloride聚氯乙烯PSPolystyrene聚苯乙烯POMPolyoxymethylene聚甲醛PPPolypropylene聚丙烯PCPolycarbonate聚碳酸酯PPOPolyphenylene oxide聚苯醚PTFEpolytetrafluoroethylene聚四氟乙烯PFphenol-formaldehyde resins酚醛树脂PMMApoly (methyl methacrylate)聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯UFurea-formaldehyde resins脲醛树脂Name of polymerCompan

18、y or InventorYear introducedPhenol-formaldehyde resinBaekland1909Urea-formaldehyde resin1929Alkyd resinlate 1920sPoly(styrene-butadiene)Germany Poly (acrylonitrile-butadiene)Germany Poly (vinyl chloride)Germany Polystyrene Germany polyethyleneICI1938Nylon Du pont 1941Polyacrylonitrile Du pont 1948Te

19、rylene ICI1949Epoxy resinsDu pont 1955polypropyleneMontecatini1956LLDPElate 1970sUnit 10 What Is Chemical EngineeringMicroscale (10-3m)l Atomic and molecular studies of catalystsl Chemical processing in the manufacture of integrated circuitsl Studies of the dynamics of suspensions and microstructure

20、d fluidsMesoscale (10-3102m)l Improving the rate and capacity of separations equipmentl Design of injection molding equipment to produce car bumpers made from polymersl Designing feedback control systems for bioreactorsMacroscale (10m)l Operability analysis and control system synthesis for an entire

21、 chemical plantl Mathematical modeling of transport and chemical reactions of combustion-generated air pollutantsl Manipulating a petroleum reservoir during enhanced oil recovery through remote sensing of process data, development and use of dynamic models of underground interactions, and selective

22、injection of chemicals to improve efficiency of recoveryCourseCourse contentScience and Math.Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Material Science, Mathematics, Computer InstructionChemical EngineeringThermodynamics, Kinetics, Catalysis, Rector Design and Analysis, Unit Operations, Process Control, Chemical

23、 Engineering Laboratories, Design / EconomicsOther EngineeringElectrical Engineering, Mechanics, Engineering DrawingHumanities and Social ScienceUnderstand the origins of ones own culture as well as that of othersUnit 12 What Do We Mean by Transport Phenomena?1. density2. viscosity 3. tube diameter4

24、. Reynolds5. Eddies6. laminar flow7. turbulent flow8. velocity fluctuations9. solid surface10. ideal fluids11. viscosity12. Prandtl13. fluid dynamicsUnit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering1. physical2. unit operations3. identical4. A. D. Little5. fluid flow6. membrane separation7. crystalliz

25、ation8. filtration9. material balance10. equilibrium stage model11. Hydrocyclones12. Filtration13. Gravity14. VaccumUnit 14 Distillation Operations1. relative volatilities2. contacting trays3. reboiler4. an overhead condenser5. reflux6. plates7. packing8. stripping section9. rectifying section10. en

26、ergy-input requirement 11. overall thermodynamic efficiency12. tray efficiencies13. Batch operation14. composition15. a rectifying batchSieve plateBubble-cap platesValve platesCost132Capacity312Operating range312EfficiencysamesameSamePressure drop1321 2 3Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adso

27、rption1. a liquid solvent2. solubilities3. leaching4. distillation5. extract6. raffinate7. countercurrent8. a fluid9. adsorbed phase10. 400,00011. original condition12. total pressure13. equivalent numbers14. H+ or OH15. regenerant16. process flow rates17. deterioration of performance18. closely sim

28、ilar19. stationary phase20. mobile phase21. distribution coefficients22. selective membranes23. synthetic24. ambient temperature25. ultrafiltration26. reverse osmosis (RO). Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying1. concentrate solutions2. solids3. circulation4. viscosity5. heat sensitivity6.

29、 heat transfer surfaces7. the long tube8. multiple-effect evaporators9. vacuum10. condensers11. supersaturation12. circulation pump13. heat exchanger14. swirl breaker 15. circulating pipe16. Product 17. non-condensable gas18. barometric condenserDryer typeGeneral featuresApplicationTray dryersBatch

30、operation, Close control of drying conditions and product inventoryDrying valuable productsConveyor dryersContinuous circulation, High drying rates, Good product-quality, High thermal efficiencies, High initial and maintenance costDrying materials that form a bed with an open structureRotary dryerCo

31、ntinuous operation, High throughput, High thermal efficiency, Low capital cost and labor costsNon-uniform residence time, Dust generation,High noise levelsDrying free-flow granular materialsFluidized bed dryersContinuous or batch operation,Rapid and uniform heat transfer,Short drying times,Good cont

32、rol of the drying conditions,Low floor area requirements;High power requirements Drying granular and crystalline materialsPneumatic dryersShort contact times,Low thermal efficiencyDrying fine and heat sensitive materialsSpray dryersShort contact times,Good control of the product particle size, bulk

33、density and form,High heat requirementsDrying liquid and dilute slurry feeds as well as heat sensitive materialsRotary drum dryersAn alternative choice to spray dryers Drying liquid and dilute slurry feedsUnit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering1. design2. optimization3. control4. unit operations (UO)5

34、. many disciplines6. kinetics7. thermodynamics,8. fluid mechanics9. microscopic10. chemical reactions11. more valuable products12. harmless products13. serves the needs14. the chemical reactors15. flowchart16. necessarily17. tail18. each reaction19. temperature and concentrations20. linearUnit 18 Ch

35、emical Engineering Modeling1. optimization2. mathematical equations3. time4. experiments 5. greater understanding6. empirical approach 7. experimental design8. differing process condition9. control systems10. feeding strategies11. training and education12. definition of problem13. mathematical model

36、14. numerical methods15. tabulated or graphical16. experimental data17. information1. the preliminary economics2. technological changes3. pilot-plant data4. process alternatives5. trade-offs6. Off-design7. Feedstocks8. optimize9. plant operations10. energy11. bottlenecking12. yield and throughput13.

37、 Revamping14. new catalystProblemUnexpected resultsPossible causeWater as impurityKill a catalyst, or modify the performances of catalyst Steam leakDetermination of explosive limitsExplosionsNarrower limits in small-scale equipmentStorage of unstable materialsExplosions and firesLower heat removal r

38、ate in commercial unitsUnit 19 Introduction to Process Design1. a flowsheet2. control scheme3. process manuals4. profit5. sustainable industrial activities6. waste7. health 8. safety9. a reactor10. tradeoffs11. optimizations12. hierarchyUnit 20 Materials Science and Chemical Engineering1. the produc

39、ing species2. nutrient medium3. fermentation step4. biomass5. biomass separation6. drying agent7. product8. water9. biological purificationMaterials areasResearch activitiesPolymerProbe the microscale dynamics of macromoleculesDevelop improved processes,Create new materialsPolymer CompositesMicrostr

40、uctural reinforcementAdvanced CeramicsProduce specific micro structuresApplication researchCeramic CompositesEngineering the chemical reactions relatedComposite LiquidsUnit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment1. Atmospheric chemistry2. stratospheric ozone depletion3. acid rain4. environmentally frie

41、ndly products5. biodegradable6. harmful by-product7. efficiently8. power plant emissions9. different plastics10. recycled or disposed11. acidic waste solutions12. organic components13. membrane technology14. biotechnology15. microorganismsFrontierResearch activities or problems facedIn-site processi

42、ngField tests;Uncertainties of the process,Adverse environment impactsProcess solidsImprove solids fracture processes,Research on the mechanics of pneumatic and slurry transport,Understand the chemical reaction processes,Equipment design and scale-upSeparation processResearch on: membrane separations, chemical selective separation agents, shape-selective porous solids, traditional separation methodsMaterialsFind construction materials,Develop new process-related materials,Develop less energy intensive materialsDesign and scale-upComplexity, Lack of basic data,