Chinese-Art[week-6].ppt

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1、|Chinese Art|Beijing Opera|Chinese Painting|Chinese Calligraphy|Chinese Handicraft Articles and Souvenirs|Beijing Opera|Brief History of Beijing Opera|Major Features of Beijing Opera|Four Main Roles of Beijing Opera|Beijing Opera Today|Brief History of Beijing Opera|Beijing Opera the national opera

2、(The most influential and representative of all operas in China in the past 200 years)|A complete system of stage performance|Origin: primitive songs and dances of Chinese ancient times|Techniques and movements of Beijing Operas dancing style: similar to those of the Tang Dynasty.|Brief History of B

3、eijing Opera|Huangmei Drama, Anhui Province (Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty loved it during his 6 secret inspections of the southern provinces, summoned to celebrate his 80th birthday)|Kunqu, developed in the Ming Dynasty, popular in the palace among the upper classes in Beijing.|Merits of oth

4、er local operas- a mature art form|Troupes from Hubei and Anhui Provinces performed together in Beijing blended on the same stage gave birth to a new genre: Beijing Opera.|Major Features of Beijing Opera|Four highly systemized categories of singing, dancing, mimicry and acrobatics.|Skills of Chinese

5、 martial arts|A unique system of stylized, fictitious movements, which is strongly rhythmical|Mainly presented historical stories|1,300 traditional plays, 400 of them are often on show|Major Features of Beijing Opera|Most plays: based on folk tales, famous novels and fairy tales|Most famous Beijing

6、Operas: The White Snake, The Monkey King, The Drunken Beauty, Crossroads, and Strategy of an Unguarded City|Major Features of Beijing Opera|Costumes: |I. The styles of the Ming Dynasty court and civil costumes|II. A garish collection of sharply contrasting colors: deep red, deep green, white, black,

7、 yellow and blue (stage: oil lamps)|III. Embroidered in gold, silver and colored threads|IV. Special costumes: different colors and designs for each role based on the rank, life style and occupation|Major Features of Beijing Opera|The tunes-mainly composed of two styles: |I. Hui tune, Anhui Province

8、(“Erhuang”)|II. Han tune, Hubei Province (“Xipi”)|A piercing style of singing: performed mostly on the open-air stage in streets, tea-houses, temple courtyards or markets|The singing, the variations of rhythm and pitch: expressing the roles thoughts and emotions of different characters in all situat

9、ions|Major Features of Beijing Opera|The pronunciation: hard to understand|Two forms (rhythmic vernacular and capital vernacular) of recitatives in dialogue and monologue to characterize the personalities of the roles.|The movements all have their pattern and formula (such as: stroking a beard, sett

10、ing a hat straight, swing a sleeve, lifting a foot, etc.)|A stylized routine: each move, gesture or facial expression is symbolic |Major Features of Beijing Opera|The orchestra: string and wind instruments, percussion instruments|The musicians: sit on the stage in plain clothes and play without writ

11、ten scores|Jinghu: a kind of two-stringed fiddle -the most important musical instrument|Other instruments: Yueqin, Pipa, Suona, gongs and drums of different sizea, and the castanets (the time clapper) made of wood and bamboo|The castanets: the “time-beater”|Major Features of Beijing Opera|The art of

12、 illusion: transform a small stage into the whole universe|Expressed through techniques of exaggeration and concentration|The art of combination: grand opera, acrobatic display, ballet, and historic play|The exciting panorama of Beijing Opera: the performing arts of singing, dialogue, dancing, acrob

13、atic combat and monologue, separated in Western drama|Major Features of Beijing Opera|Make-up: an essential element in shaping characters |Different make-up: according to the sex, age, personality and social status|The art of facing painting: applying the “mask” requires great ability and patience.|

14、Four Main Roles of Beijing Opera|I. Male Roles as Sheng|Xiao Sheng: young men singing falsetto voice|Lao Sheng: old men wearing long beards|Wen Sheng: scholars or officials|Wu Sheng: military officers and generals in battle scenes (well trained in acrobatics)|They are leading male actors|Four Main R

15、oles of Beijing Opera|II. Female Roles as Dan|Lao Dan: elderly, dignified ladies|Qing Yi: aristocratic ladies in elegant costumes|Hua Dan: ladies maids in colored costumes|Dao Ma Dan: horsewomen and warriors|Chou Dan or Cai Dan: the wife of the clown role|Cai Dan : also known as clowns (Choupozi)|Fo

16、ur Main Roles of Beijing Opera|III. Face-painted Roles as Jing|Highly exaggerated and decorated roles to display the nature of good, honest, evil and dishonest characters.|Warriors, heroes, statesmen, demons and adventurers|Fu Jing: ridiculous figures who are anything but heroic|Four Main Roles of B

17、eijing Opera|III. Face-painted Roles as Jing|“Oil painted face”: |Red: honesty, probity, courage, and bravery|Black: impartiality, fortitude, coarseness and rudeness|White: a negative character|Blue or yellow: nagative traits as savageness, fierceness or arrogance|Green: faces of devils, unstable ch

18、aracter|Golden: gods or emperors|Good nature painted with simple colors; hostile generals and doubtful characters bear complex marks|Four Main Roles of Beijing Opera|IV. Male or Female Roles with Facial Make-up and Clowns as Chou|Awkward, stingy, funny or foolish people|A Clowns facial pattern: a pa

19、tch of white around his eyes and nose, sometimes outlined in black|Beijing Opera Today|Early days of 20th century: up to 1 million fans went to tea-house or variety theatres to watch Beijing Opera.|Mei Lanfang (1894-1961) influenced English artist Charlie Chaplin (1889-1977) and German artist Bertol

20、d Brecht (1898-1956) |The Cultural Revolution - The Eight Model Operatic Plays: The story of Red Lantern, To take the Weihu Mountain by Stategy, Shajiabang|Nowadays: popular with elderly people; the majority of Chinese young people know very little about this art form|Beijing Opera Today|More than 3

21、90 traditional Chinese Operas are still being performed throughout China.|Beijing Opera troupes have been abroad to perform|A unique position in Chinese art as well as the worlds artistic heritage.|National in style but accepted internationally|Chinese Painting|Historical Development|Character|The f

22、eatures|Categories according to the style|Categories according to the content|The symbolic features|Chinese painting with calligraphy|Engraving (Seal)|Historical Development of Chinese Painting|West-East Han Dynasty and Six Dynasties (206B.C.-589): traditional Chinese painting approached its current

23、 shape.|Throughout the late Zhou, Han, Wei and Six Dynasties: the techniques used in figure painting matured.|Sui and Tang: landscape and flower-and-bird paintings became an independent category.|Historical Development of Chinese Painting|Five Dynasties and North-south Song Dynasties: high achieveme

24、nts|Scholar painting, appearing in the Tang Dynasty and developing in the Song Dynasty boomed in the Yuan Dynasty with freehand brushwork style and vivid and bold expression.|Buddhist painting art and the Western arts influence traditional Chinese painting a lot.|Character of Chinese Painting|Using

25、brushes, ink, Chinese pigments and seals|Drawing on Xuan paper or silk|Chinese painting (the traditional painting): original style, distinctive national features|The aesthetic system: entirely different from that of the West|The unique national characters|An independent system|Character of Chinese P

26、ainting|The convention: central focus perspective or realistic portrayal|Freedom on artistic conception, structural composition and method of expression |Better express the painters subjective feelings|Using the form to express the spirit|Xieyi: the feeling is a fundamental approach to the Chinese p

27、ictorial art.|Character of Chinese Painting|To combine the forms of art like calligraphy, poetry and seal engraving at the same time|A good painting is like a good poem: some well-known painting masters are also great poets and calligraphers|The concept of turning a natural image into an “artistic i

28、mage”|The subjects can be filled with feelings|Character of Chinese Painting|The brush techniques: line drawing, stylized expression of shade and texture, the dotting method and the application of color|The use of lines is important: 18 different ways of drawing lines with the brush in figure painti

29、ng|The main features of Chinese Painting|Depicting the sentiments|“Qiyun”: the experience of a painter|“Qi”: cosmic spirit; “breath” or “vapor” that vitalized all things and gives life and growth to them|Likeness in spirit resides in unlikeness|Taking nature as a teacher and the heart as a source of

30、 inspiration|Use imagination to depict the marvelous: inspiration & expression|Categories of Chinese Painting according to the style|In terms of mode of expression:|I. one literally paints the feeling which is marked by exaggeration of form and liberal use of ink|II. One meticulously uses brushwork

31、which is characterized by strict and detailed representation of the subject|Categories of Chinese Painting according to the style|For methods of depictions:|I. colored fine brushwork|II. Bold and unrestrained freehand brushwork|Categories of Chinese Painting according to the content|Generally divide

32、d into 3 branches:|I. Flower-bird painting|II. Figure painting|III. Landscape painting|Categories of Chinese Painting according to the content|Eight parts by subject matters: flowers, birds, fish, insects, animals, landscapes, buildings and figures|Categories of Chinese Painting according to the con

33、tent|Five categories according to the format (painted on different objects): murals, scrolls, screens, fans and albums|The symbolic features of Chinese Painting|The Three Friends in Winter: a painting of pine, bamboo and yellow sweets -under the pseudonym of Qing Teng in the style of Xu Wei (1521-15

34、93, the Ming Dynasty)|The symbolic features of Chinese Painting|In this painting:|The pine, a symbol of longevity|Bamboo, a symbol of ever flourishing|Plum blossom, a symbol of sturdiness and chastity (to embody the qualities of people who are upright and show rectitude)|The symbolic features of Chi

35、nese Painting|Homework on Blackboard:|Find another example in Chinese paintings to show the symbolic meanings in it and explain the meaning in English (like what I analyzed in class of The Three Friends in Winter )|Chinese painting with calligraphy|Chinese painting and calligraphy: |I. Same origin b

36、ut different branches of art|II. Use the same kinds of tools|III. Closely linked in terms of their expression of thoughts and feelings|IV. Influence each other and create another artistic feature: the infancy of Chinese painting predated the appearance of written characters|Engraving (Seal)|To Chine

37、se Emperors, a seal was a symbol of power.|“Xi”: an emperors seal|Seals: popular among literati who would display their seals on scrolls of calligraphy and painting|Engraving (Seal)|In the late Shang Dynasty (3,000 years age): the cutting of inscription on tortoise shells|Qin Dynasty (2,000 years ag

38、o): people stated to engrave their names on utensils and documents to claim owership or for identification|Engraving (Seal)|The materials: jade, gold, brass, stone and wood. (stone is the most widely used material)|Chinas four distinguished stones for seal-making: Shoushan Stone (pyrophyllite) (Fuzh

39、ou, Fujian Province) Qingtian Stone (soap stone) (Zhejiang Province) Balin Stone (Inner Mogolia) Changhua Stone ( Zhejing Province)|Chinese Calligraphy|Long History of Chinese Calligraphy|General Description of Chinese Calligraphy|Master Pieces of Chinese Calligraphy|Long History of Chinese Calligra

40、phy|A fine piece of calligraphy, known as a treasure in ink, is often more treasured by collector of art than a good painting.|Calligraphy: regarded as a form of visual art through the ages in China|In Chinese minds: a persons personality is manifested through his handwriting.|Long History of Chines

41、e Calligraphy|Over 5,000 years developed as a product of Chinese culture|Three periods of development:|I. The Pre-Qin Period: the period of early beginning (before 221 BC): |II. The period of maturity (Western Han to Tang, 206BC-907)|III. The period of individualistic development (Five Dynasties to

42、the Qing Dynasty, 907-1911)|Long History of Chinese Calligraphy|Chinese calligraphy: followed with the appearance of the Chinese language|The ruins of the ancient Longshan Culture: an inscription on pottery (4,300 years ago)|Primitive Chinese society: various thin and thick, pretty and smooth lines

43、were written with elastic brushes on pottery|Long History of Chinese Calligraphy|Different stages of:|The Script on Shell-and Bone|The Script on Bronze Vessels|The Big Seal Script|The Small Seal Script|The Official Script|The Cursive Script|The Running Script|The Regular Script|Long History of Chine

44、se Calligraphy|Dazhuan and Xiaozhuan: inscriptions on tortoise shells and ox bones|Books made of bamboo (brushes)|Han Dynasty(206BC-220): paper were invented (brushes and paper)|The Regular Script: came into use at the end of the Han Dynasty|Long History of Chinese Calligraphy|Golden age: Sui and Ta

45、ng periods|The art of writing scripts with a brush involves the technique, the vigor, the momentum, and the mood of writing|Philosophy (Taoism and Confucius theories) has strong influence on calligraphy|A unique feature of oriental art as Chinese culture spread to Japan, Korea, Vietnam and Singapore

46、|Long History of Chinese Calligraphy|Some literary works have been copied by calligraphers: enjoy the beauty of both the art of calligraphy and literature at the same time|A great number of outstanding calligraphers: Wang Xizhi, Wang Xianzhi (East Jin); Yan Zhenqing (708-784, Tang); Mi Fu (Song); Zh

47、engn Banqiao (1693-1765, Qing)|General Description of Chinese Calligraphy|Four skills for ancient Chinese to pursue: Zheng (the ancient musical instrument), Chess, calligraphy, Chinese painting|Brush, ink and paper|Different methods for the use of ink: thick ink, light ink, dry ink, missing ink, wet

48、 ink, withered ink and swelling ink|General Description of Chinese Calligraphy|Ink sticks: plain black and colored|Ink slab: a valuable and practical cultural instrument, and also a piece of art concentrating within it the art of painting, calligraphy, word carving, and sculpture.|Soft and elastic i

49、nk brushes: the ideals tools to express the various calligraphy styles|Brushes: different sizes and materials (sheep wool or wolf wool)|General Description of Chinese Calligraphy|Styles of Chinese Calligraphy|Five main styles:|I. The seal form|II. The Official Script|III. The Regular Script|IV. The

50、Cursive Script|V. The Running Script |General Description of Chinese Calligraphy|Styles of Chinese Calligraphy|I. The seal form:|1. tortoise shell script|2. bronze script|3. Warring States seal script : “inscriptions on drum stones”|4. small seal script: the standardized form of different forms of t