个人考博英语作文总结.docx

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1、个人考博英语作文总结 个人考博英语作文总结如何开头?1.Itisahottopicinrecentyearswhetherto(offercollegeadmissiontoeveryhighschoolgraduate)orto(selectexcelletstudentsbymeansofexaminations.)2.Nowadaysitisquitecommonforpeopleto(writetheirownorvisitothersmicroblog.)3.Atpresent,facedwithhugeloadsofpressure,manyyoungpeoplearebusy(m

2、akingmoney).Asaresult,(theydonothavethetimeandmoodtoconsidertheirpersonalaffairs,)especially(marriage,)whichmakes(theirparentsworried.)4.Inrecentyears,peoplearemoreandmoreconcernedabout(foodsafetyinchina.)5.Itisnodenyingthefactthat(thecomputer,atypicalrepresentativeofhighscienceandtechnology,hasplay

3、edadominantroleinourdailylives,whichhasnotonlymadeitconvenientforustoaccomplishcomplicatedtasks,butalsogreatlyinprovedourworkefficiency.)However,wecannotgototheextremeandcometotheconclusionthat直陈观点！1.Inmyperspective,(tostopthespreadofthisphenomenonbothteachersandstudentsshouldbeinvolved.)2.AsfarasIa

4、mconcerned,3.Personallyspeaking,4.Inmyopinion观点陈设1.tobeginwith,then,forthermore,finally2.tostartwith,next,inaddition,finally3.firstandforemost,moreover/besides,lastbutnotleast4.firstofall,secondly,finally5.ontheonehand,ontheotherhand6.foronething,foranotherthing结尾。1.Fromtheabovediscussion,wecanconcl

5、ude(cometheconclusion)that.Ibelieve,throughthosemetheds,thatthesituationisboundtoimprove.2.tosumup/allinall.特别句型1.Itiswrong/ofgreatimportance/morllywrongandshamefulforsbtodosth.2.强调句型1.Inthelongrun,itisstudentswhoarethevictims2.But,weshouldalwaysbearinmindthat,itistheteachersknowledgethatcanhelpstud

6、entstomakegreatachievements.3.Itisthewisdomandthecreativeideasoftheteachersthatwouldhelpthestudentstobroadentheirscopeofknowledgeandenlargetheirvisions.3.Notonlybutalso.1.Itisnodenyingthefactthat(thecomputer,atypicalrepresentativeofhighscienceandtechnology,hasplayedadominantroleinourdailylives,which

7、hasnotonlymadeitconvenientforustoaccomplishcomplicatedtasks,butalsogreatlyinprovedourworkefficiency.)2.tocurbthisphenomenon,notonlytheteachersshouldimprovethequalityofassignmentsbutthestudentsoughttostrengthentheawarenessofhonestyaswell.4倒装Onlyinthiswaycanthesituationofcutandpasteinformationbeelimin

8、atedcompletely.5双重否定Wearenotabletoeducatestudentsinaproperwaywithouttheinstructionandenlightenmentofthoseeducators.必备策略1.举例子（1.单例/2.列举）2.列数据3.做对比(1.相像2.相反3.递进)4.事实上5.因果6.转折1.1.Forinstance,Forexample.(to)take.asanexample.2.suchas.Andsoon.3.Forinstance,oneteacheralwaysaskherstudentstodopresentationonc

9、lass.Inordertofinishthetask,thestudentshavetofindvariousresources,includingsurfingontheInternet.However,thereisnowaytocutandpasteinformationfromtheInternetinthatthestudentsarerequiredtodotheperformancebythemselves.Consequently,thestudentsareabletomastertheknowledgeandbroadentheirscopeofhorizonatthes

10、ametime.2.1.Accordingtoarecentsurvey,about78.9%ofthecollegestudentswantedtofurthertheirstudyaftertheirgraduation.2.Infact,thenumberofitssubscribershassoaredfromlessthan14%toover40%withinayear.3.1.similarly,2.Onthecontrary,inaappropriateway.thesophisticatedandexperiencedteachersdohavethecapabilitiest

11、otackleallkindsofproblemsthatmayoccurandmakequikeresponsetosolvethem3.Somepapersareevenfoundtobetheoriginalversionwithouttheslightestchanges.4.Actually,.Asamatteroffact.Infact5.DuetoBecause(of)AsaresultConsequentlyTherefore6.HoweverNeverthelessNotwithstanding废话连篇1.Ratherthan.Insteadof.2.Thatistosay3

12、.ObviouslyConspicuously4.GenerallyspeakingInbrief5.with.扩展阅读：考博英语写作总结考博英语写作总结201*-2-11一、考核要求及分析1、写作体型：主要为“命题作文”、“看图作文”、尤其“争论文”2、评分等级：2-5,7-9,10-12,13-153、试题分析：主考两方面的基本功较强的英语表达实力，关切时政勤于思索（1）考题特点：选题范围贴近生活，尤其“教化、科研”有关的一般性话题及“社会热点话题”：科技类、经济类、人生观价值观类、社会问题、教化类（2）文体最主要是争论文，其次是说明文、记叙文和摘要写作（3）出题方式无/有提纲型标题作文，

13、图表作文，概要写作A、无提纲型标题作文只给题目，自由发挥：关键“审题”，：、细致分析确，定中心思想，切忌跑题、选择正确的问题（选择熟识的内容写，合适的文体，尽量避开用生僻的词）、选择典型材料，拟定合适提纲、根据提纲写作B、有提纲型标题作文题目+提纲（中文或者英文）关键“紧扣提纲”、分析题意，确定中心思想、主旨，切忌跑题审提纲，归纳出文章题目的涵义范围列举提纲各条目的关键词，筛选出所需材料选择正确的文体切勿漏掉提纲中任何的一点，内容要全C、看图作文图片作文审题、立意、选材；从图片信息中辨别或者综合处作文主题的层次、看清标题、要求、细致审图，把握每一个细微环节和情节、根据时间的先后或者缘由的主次依

14、次列出提纲、根据提纲写作图表作文通过图表供应的数据，反映出一件事物的不同方面：、看清标题、要求、把握的文字或说明，找出其要表达的主题、比较、归纳各信息，选出最有意义的信息，有侧重的叙述、通过对图表的分析，进行概括性的评论，或得出结论图表作文最常见的固定的词汇、句型：Ascanbeseenfromthetable/thetableshows.Asshowninthegraph/thefiguresshowthat.Ascanbesimplyproved./Ashasbeenmentionedbefore.Asiswellknown/asexpected./asindicatedbytheresu

15、lts.However,itmustbenotedthat./itshouldbenotedthatItmustberealized,however,that.Itisalsointerestingtonotethat.TheratioXtoYis.D、概要写作概括实力，审题、立意、选材技巧：、忠实原文，客观再现主要论点和事实严格根据原文的次序排列内容、意义完整，表达清晰，特殊留意连接词的运用、语言简洁，通俗易懂，可借助分词短语、介词短语、同位语及定语从句等、重点突出（相当于内容提要）抓住文章的主题句、段落的主题句，重要的任务、细微环节及结论等、不同文体概要学做的重点：记叙文抓六要素：when

16、/where/who/what/reason/progress描写文描述情感、看法等：抓住作者的准备、意图，以压缩简化的方式再现说明文常着重说明怎么样“how”，为什么”why”，段落中常可见主题句、扩展句，故抓主题及重要的事实及论证。争论文重点是说理，多用演绎、归纳两种方法，但是写概要则均以演绎手法绽开。二、写作基本方法及技巧重点：解题步骤1、快速审题审题肯定细致，防止以偏概全及一词不懂无从下笔；确定明确立场，列出提纲（34短句或者句子）2、正文写作三段式为多，第一段：开头引入主题，提出基本立场（34句）：（1）用主题句干脆点出主题多用于说明文和争论文（2）引语法（名人名言及谚语等）画龙点睛

17、，但是要确保无误（3）提问法（正、反问或自问自答）多用于说明文和争论文（4）通过给关键词下定义引出话题（5）背景法多用于记叙文和描写文其次段：正文1-3段，主题明确。论证充分（1）段落结构多23部分组成，即“主题句、扩展句和结尾句”主题句核心，表明作者的看法或者观点或意图等，为段落的中心思想（特殊留意*一个段落一个中心思想）扩展句围绕主题句进行叙述、说明或论述结尾句多一句话，对整个段落的内容进行归纳、总结，和主题句呼应，以及承上启下（2）段落发展的方法7种、列举法主要为一系列的论据：foronething;foranother;finally;besides;moreover;oneanoth

18、er;stillanother;first;second;last;also;tobeginwith;next;still;onone/anotherhand;、根据时间、空间依次发展：first;second;then;before;after;while;when;finally;afterawhile;aslongas;assoonas;atlast;atthattime;inthemeantime;inthepast;lately;later;meanwhile;until、举例法列举详细的典型的事例来阐述说明主题句的内容，是为列举法的一种，是文章更充溢和富有内涵：forexample

19、/instance;oneexampleis.;thefollowingexample;besides;furthermore;moreover;afterall;inaddition/fact;ofcourse;specifically;suchas;toillustrate;asanillustration;inotherwords;asfollows;letmeciteasproof;tosubstantiate;、对比法或比较法通过比较同类的事物以更清晰的表现所述对象间的异同和优缺点、：similarly;also;likewise;yet;but;however;unlike;res

20、emble;resembalance;parallel;otherwise;both;incomparison;comparedwith;ontheotherhand;incontrastto;opposedto;contrastedwith;onthecontrary;incontrast;aswellas;tobeparallelin;、分类法用于阐述莫一概念，通过分门别类。分别加于叙述：kind;sort;type;group;factors;class;classify;contain;classification;category;divide;division;regions;ba

21、ses;constitute;attributes;belongsto;fallinto;accordingto;withrespectto;therebe;consistof;include;compose;becomposedof;comprise;becomprised;makeup;、因果分析法说明某事发生的缘由和结果：because;so;asaresult;accordingly;consequently;thus;hence;then;therefore;forthispurpose;forthisreason;dueto;inthecase;thatbeingso;inthes

22、ecircumstance;leadto;resultfrom/in;arisingfromthis;sothat、定义法对某一事物进行说明说明。以扩展段落并引导更干脆的相识（尤其科普文）：thatis;mean;call;bedefinedas;beregardas;referto;standfor;、重复法步步紧逼，使文章结构紧凑，有感染力第三段：结尾段概括全文，重申立场，进一步强调或确定文章的中心思想，同时展望将来或提出建议或提出令人深思的问题或今后的方向（34句）：A、重新措辞，重叙主题思想（强调突出作用）B、做出结论C、用反问结尾（也是强调作用，引发思索）D、运用引语（更有意境）E、

23、提出展望或建议3、细致检查侧重点：（1）、重新审题有无跑题（2）、文章结构有无开头。正文和结尾，每段又没有主题句（多在每段的开头或结尾）（3）、每段有无主题，立场是否明确（4）、绽开恰当否举例是否恰当，有无连接词，句式有无改变等（5）、语言表达如何是否每句话都有谓语；时态是否一样（多现在时）；主谓是否一样；词性是否精确；拼法是否精确等4、段落写作的提高：（1）、写好段落的三个标准统一性一段一个主题，一篇文章一个中心思想，全部的句子都围绕主题绽开完整性若干扩展句连贯性句子排列符合逻辑（包括意连和形连）意连：内在的逻辑性，有机的联系；其排列方式按“间先后、位置远近、逻辑关系”包括根据“要性或一般到

24、特别或特别到一般”依次）形连：运用转换词，使行文流畅：first：so;though;and;besides;both;and;because;however;finally;consequently;inparticular;asaresult;（3）文章的过渡过渡词或可起过渡作用的代词、同义词、连接词及词的重复A、文章起先常用的过渡词或句子Tobeginwith;generallyspeaking;firstofall;recently;withthedevelopment/progress/growthofeconomy/societyB、文章结尾常用的过渡词或句子Inconclusio

25、n;inbrief;inaword;itishightimethat;itisonlywhenthatC、表示“先后次序”常用的过渡词或句子First;second;third;tobeginwith;moreover;finally;meanwhile;sincethan;therefore;D、表示“因果关系及分析缘由”常用的过渡词或句子Asaresult;dueto;consequently;Onemaycriticizefor,buttherealcaseofliesdeeper;Amongreasons,oneshouldbeemphasizedthatE、表示“比较和对比”常用的词

26、Unlike;incontrast;ontheotherhand;likewise;similarly最常谈论的话题mosttalk-ofsubject5、写作中常出现的几种错误有损连贯性的几种状况（1）不必要的时态变更事实：写作文时多一般现在时，且前后一样（2）不必要的单复数变更（3）不必要的人称变更三、写作常用表达方式小结：1、常用连接词：A、表层次firstfirstlyinthefirstplacetobeginwithtostartwithSecondsecondlyfurthermorealsothennextbesidesequallyimportanttomoreoverina

27、dditionthirdthirdlywhatsmorelastbutnotleastfinallyB、表转折bycontrastincontrastwith/toonthecontraryontheotherhandAlthoughthoughyetbutdespitethefactthatevenso/thoughNeverthelessforallthathoweverinspiteofotherwisebesidesinadditionregardlessC、表因果becauseofconsequentlyforthereasoncluetohencethereforethusowni

28、ngtososinceasforaccordinglythankstoonthis/thataccountinthiswayasaresultasaconsequenceD、表让步stillneverthelessinspiteofallthesameofcoursedespiteevensoafterallE、表递进furthermoremoreoverlikewisewhatismorebesidesalsonotonlybutalsotooinadditionF、表举例forexampleforinstanceforonethingthatistoillustrateasanillust

29、rationacaseinpointG、表说明inotherwordsasamateroffactfranklyspeakinginthiscasenamelyH、表总结insummarytosummarizeinconclusioninawordinbriefinfactinshortashasbeensaidinsimplertermsthatisinparticularinotherwordsofcourseonthewholetoptitdifferentlyinallthusaltogetherindeedthereforenamely2、常用句型A、文章开头：Discussiont

30、odayissue、thereisageneralabout/astothe/ofpeoplewhoMuchnowadaysproblemobjectto(stiffdoing,stiffsbdoingsth)oppose(sth/sb/whatclause)arguethathowever/ontheotherhand,argueareforpeoplewhobelievethatadvocatebelievethinkof、whenitcomestomost/manypeoplethinkthatbutotherpeopleconsiderdifferentlyArgueregardBeg

31、inningbelieve.、nowpeopleingrowingnumbersarecomingtorealizethatGettingbeawarethink、althoughmanypeoplebelievethatImaintainthatInsistWidelybelief、contrarytocommonlyheldideathatIbelievethatGenerallyopinionRecentstudyindicates、anewsurveyconducted/takenrevealsthat.NationwidepollsuggestsprovesB、文章结尾Fromwha

32、thasbeendiscussedabovedraw、takingintoconsiderationallthesefactors,wemaysafelyreachtheconclusionthatJudgingfromtheevidenceofferedcometoEvidencesupports、alltheanalysisjustifiestheconclusionthatShowsGreattheimprovement、itishightimethatweplaced/putemphasisondevelopmentofSpecialincreaseEffectiveactionspr

33、event、itisnecessary/essentialthatappropriatestepsshouldbetakentocorrectthe.PropermeasuresendC、习惯用语主要是用it做形式主语的句型表达习惯用语如人们、大家、有人或应当说、必需指出及已经证明等；Itisconsidered(orthought)that人们（有人或者大家）认为.Itisgenerally(usually)accepted(oragreed,recognized)that普遍（一般或通常）认为Itisbelievethat.人们（大家，有人）信任.Itiswellknown.众所周知Iti

34、slearned(supposed)that据悉(推想).Itisestimated(predicted,calculated)that.据估计你（预料）Itisreportedthat.据报道Itmustbepointedoutthat.必需指出Itmust(should)beadmittedthat.必需（应当）承认Itwillbeseenthat可见.Itwillbeseenfromthisthat.由此可见Itisunderstoodthat不用说（谁都知道）Itcannotbedeniedthat无可否认.Ithasbeenprovedthat已经证明Itmaybeconfirmed

35、that.可以确定.Itmaybesafelysaidthat.可以有把握的说.Itissometimesaskedthat.人们有时会问.Itisexpected(hoped)that.人们希望.Itisnoexaggerationtosaythat.毫不夸张的说.四、各专业领域专业表达1、网络通信词汇InternetPenetration互联网普及率CyberCitizen网民CyberCrime网络犯罪CyberCity网络城市、虚拟城市Cybereconomy网络经济DigitalDivide数字鸿沟SmartSchoolIntelligentSchools智能学校Multipurpo

36、seCard多功能卡SoftwareDevelopment软件开发DigitalBusiness数字化商业Informationization,Network-basedInformationFlow信息化SoftwarePackages软件包Domainnameapplicationandregistration申请注册域名Virtualspace虚拟空间Intranet局域网Ethernet以太网Mindmap脑图Portablecomputer;Laptop;Notebookcomputer手提电脑PersonaldigitalassistantPDA个人数字助理Palmcomputer

37、掌上电脑Router路由器Networkadministrator网络管理员InternetserviceproviderISP网络服务供应者NetworkcomputerNC网络计算机MultimediapersonalcomputerMPC多媒体个人电脑PlugandplayPNP即插即用Dial-upconnection拨号连接Homepage主页Firewall防火墙Floppydisk软磁盘Hardware硬件Certification认证Confidentiality机密性、保密性Bluetooth蓝牙技术Generationthree3-GShortmessageservice短

38、信服务Roaming漫游GlobalsystemformobilecommunicationGSM全球移动通信系统GeneralpackerradioserviceGPRS通用分组无线业务GeneralpositionsystemGPS全球定位系统WirelessfidelityWi-Fi无限保真2、航空词汇Mannedspaceship/spacecraft载人飞船Mannedspaceflight载人航天Mannedspaceprogram载人航天安排Spaceshuttle航天飞机Unmannedspaceship/spacecraft无人飞船Experimentalspacecraft

39、试验太空船Shenzhou(DivineVessel)神舟号Multistagerocket多级火箭Recoverablesatellite返回式卫星Communicationsatellite通信卫星Remotesensingsatellite遥感卫星Weather/meteorologicalsatellite气象卫星satelliteInSun-synchronousorbit太阳同步轨道卫星Carrierrocket;rocketlauncher;launchvehicle运载火箭Payloadcapability有效载荷实力Lowearthorbit近地轨道Capsule太空舱Orb

40、italmodule轨道舱Re-entrymodule返回舱Propellingmodule推动舱Commandmodule指令舱Servicemodule服务舱Launchpad放射台InternationalSpaceStation国际空间站Solarpanel太阳能电池板Lunarrover月球车Outerspace;deepspace外太空MilkWay银河系Farming农业Forestry林业Animalhusbandry畜牧业Sidelineproduction副业Fishing渔业Primaryindustry第一产业Secondaryindustry其次产业Tertiaryi

41、ndustry第三产业tertiaryeducation高等教化Meansofproduction生产资料Meansoflivelihood/subsistence生活资料Relationsofproduction生产关系Productiveforces生产力Publicownership公有制Privateownership私有制Ownershipbytheentire/wholepeople全民全部制Socialistcollectiveownership社会主义集体全部制Foreign-fundedenterprise外资企业Jointventure合资企业Cooperativeente

42、rprise合作企业Whollyforeignowned/fundedenterprise外商独资企业Economist经济学家Socialisteconomy社会主义经济Capitalisteconomy资本主义经济Collectiveeconomy集体经济plannedeconomy安排经济Controlledeconomy管制经济Ruraleconomics农村经济Liberaleconomy自由经济Mixedeconomy混合经济Protectionism爱护主义Autarchy闭关自守Privatefactor私营成分（部门）Publicfactor公共成分（部门）Economicc

43、hannels经济渠道Economicbalance经济平衡Economicfluctuation经济波动Economicdepression经济衰退Economicstability经济稳定Economicpolicy经济政策Economicrecovery经济复苏Economicsituation经济形势Economictrend经济趋势Economicindication经济指标Concentration集中Holdingcompany控股公司Infrastructure基础设施建设Standardofliving生活标准，生活水平Purchasingpower,buyingpower购

44、买力Scarcity短缺Stagnation停滞、萧条、不景气Totalproductofsociety社会生产总值GrossNationalProductGNP国民生产总值GrossDomesticProductGDP国内生产总值GDPpercapita人均国内生产总值Grossoutputvalueofindustryandagriculture工农业总产值Nationalincome国民收入Purchasingpowerparity购买力平价法Staterevenue财政收入Totalvolumeofretailsales社会商品零售总额Generalretailpriceindex社会

45、零售物价总指数Percentagepoints百分点Statemonopolyoverpurchaseandmarking统购统销Marketeconomy市场经济Marketregulation市场调整Optimizeindustrialstructure,ecologicalenvironmentandthequalityofpopulation实现产业结构、生态环境、人口素养“三个优化”Stressprioritiesoveragriculture,transportationandenergysupply,educationandscienceandtechnology抓好农业、交通能

46、源、教化科技“三个基础”Establishoperationalmechanismofmarketeconomy,rulebylaw,democraticsupervisionandincorruptiblegovernment建立市场经济、法制、民主监督和廉政“三个机制”谚语精粹：Abadbeginningmakesabadending不善始者不善终Agoodbeginningmakesagoodending善始者善终Abadthingneverdies遗臭万年Acandlelightothersandconsumersitself蜡烛照亮了别人却毁灭了自己Actionspeaklouder

47、thanwords事实胜于雄辩Adversitymakesamanwise,notrich逆境出人才（逆境、厄运、困难）Afairdeathhonorsthewholelife流芳百世Afaithfulfriendishardtofind知音难觅Afallintoapit,agininyourwit吃一堑长一智Afoxmaygrowgray,butnevergood江山易改本性难移Afriendinneedisafriendindeed患难见真情Afriendisneverknowntillamanhasneed须要之时方知友Agoodbeginningishalfdone良好的开端是胜利的一半Agoodconscienceisasoftpillow不做亏心事，不怕鬼敲门Agoodfameisbetterthanagoodface美名赛过美貌Agreattalkerisagreatliar说大话者多谎言Ahedgebetweenkeepsfriendshipgreen君子之交淡如水Ajokenevergainsanenemybutlosesafriend戏谑不能化敌为友，之使人失去挚友Aleopard(母豹)cannotchangeitsspots积习难改Alightheartliverlong静以修身Alittleknowledgeisadangerousthing一