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1、Bloomfields Theory第一页，共三十四页。The Linguistic Theory of Bloomfield第二页，共三十四页。 1Bloomfields Biography 2 Stimulus -Response Theory 3 Basic Knowledge of Phoneme 4 Grammatical Forms and Other Important Grammar 5 Evaluation第三页，共三十四页。1 Bloomfields Biography Leonard Bloomfield (April 1, 1887 April 18, 1949) wa

2、s an American linguist who led the development of structural linguistics in the United States during the 1930s and the 1940s. His influential textbook Language, published in 1933, presented a comprehensive description of American structural linguistics. Bloomfields language(1993) was once held as th

3、e model of scientific methodology and greatest work in linguistics. For Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of psychology, and specifically of the positivistic brand of psychology known as Behaviourism.第四页，共三十四页。2 Stimulus -Response TheoryBloomfield exemplified his process of stimulus-response theor

4、y in an interesting way. Suppose that Jack and Jill are walking down a lane. Jill is hungry. She sees an apple in a tree. She makes a noise with her larynx, tongue, and lips. Jack vaults the fence, climbs the tree, takes the apple, brings it to Jill, and places in her hand. Jill eats the appleThis s

5、uccession of events could be studied in many ways, but we, who are studying language, will naturally distinguish between the act of speech and practical events. The incident consists of three parts, in order of time.第五页，共三十四页。2.1 A and CThe events in A concern mainly the speaker, Jill. All the event

6、s, which precede Jills speech and concern her, we call the speakers stimulus (S).We turn now to C, the practical events which came after Jills speech. These concern mainly the hearer, Jack, and consist of his fetching the apple and giving it to Jill. The practical events which follow the speech and

7、concern the hearer, we call the hearers response (R).Our whole story depends upon some of the more remote conditions connected with A and C.第六页，共三十四页。2.2 Speech-Utterance (B) Jill had been alone. S R Principle: Language enables one person to make a reaction (R) when another person has the stimulus (

8、S). Principle : The division of labor, and, with it, the whole working human society, is due to language.第七页，共三十四页。2.3 Three Parts of Speech-Event(B1) The speaker, Jill, moved her vocal chords, her lower jaw, her tongue, and so on, in a way which forced the air into the form of sound-waves. Jill as

9、a speaking person, has not one but two ways of reacting to a stimulus: SR (practical reaction) S r (linguistic substitute reaction)(B2) The sound-waves in the air in Jills mouth set the surrounding air into a similar wave-motion.(B3) Jack heard the speech. (practical stimulus) S R (linguistic substi

10、tute stimulus) s RSpeechless reaction: S R Reaction mediated by speech: Sr - sRPrinciple : The gap between the bodies of the speaker and the hearer-the discontinuity of the two nervous systems-is bridged by the sounds waves. 第八页，共三十四页。3 Basic Knowledge of Phoneme 3.1 The Definition of Phoneme 3.2 Th

11、e Concrete Methods to Identify Phonemes 3.3 The Classification of Phoneme第九页，共三十四页。Flow Diagram m phoneme phoneme pin pin （区别性的语音（区别性的语音(yyn)(yyn)特征）特征）Phonetics语音学Phonology音位学/音系学基本概念Soundssounds with meaning第十页，共三十四页。3.2 The Concrete Methods to Identify Phonemes 3.2.1 The Minimal Pairs Test 3.2.1

12、The Minimal Pairs Test 最小对比最小对比(dub)(dub)对测验对测验/ /(commutation test)(commutation test)替换测验替换测验 3.2.2 Conclusion3.2.2 Conclusion第十一页，共三十四页。3.2.1 the Minimal Pairs Test Lets start with the word “pin”: (1)pin ends with the same sound as fin ,sin , tin , but begins differently ; this kind of resemblance

13、 is familiar to us because of our tradition of using end-rime in verse;(2)pin contains the sound of in , but adds something at the beginning;(3)pin ends with the same sound as man , sun, hen, but the resemblance is smaller than in(1)(2);第十二页，共三十四页。 (4)pin begins with the same sound as pig, pill, pit

14、, but ends differently; (5)pin begins with the same sound as pat , push , pegs ,but the resemblance is smaller than in (4) (6)pin begins and ends like pen , pan , pun ,but the middle part is different ; (7)pin begins and ends differently from dig , fish ,mill , but the middle part is the same .第十三页，

15、共三十四页。 如果我们先改变如果我们先改变1-2 1-2 p pinint tinintta an n系列系列 如果我们先改变如果我们先改变1313 p pinint tintiintickck系列系列 如果我们先改变如果我们先改变2323 p pi in-pn-pa anpanpackck系列系列如果把这三部分如果把这三部分(b fen)(b fen)全部改变全部改变 P Pin-in-t tin-tin-ta an-tan-tackck 系列系列 第一部分和第三部分不具备相似之处了第一部分和第三部分不具备相似之处了第十四页，共三十四页。3.2.2 Conclusion （A）we can

16、conclude from the experiment that the distinctive features of this word are three indivisible units . Each of the three is a minimum unit of distinctive sound-feature =a phoneme 第十五页，共三十四页。 (B)From the experiment , we also find that the word pin include three phonemes : pet The first of these occurs

17、 in pack push figThe second of these occurs in hit miss tan The third of these occurs in run hen第十六页，共三十四页。(C) In the case of pin our alphabetic writing represents the three phonemes by three letters p, I, n, but our conventions of writing are a poor guide ; For example ,in the word thick our writin

18、g represents the first phoneme by the two-letter group th and the third by the two-letter group ck第十七页，共三十四页。 3.3 The Classification of Phoneme 3. 31 Prime Phonemes 简单主音位简单主音位(ynwi) 3.32 Compound Prime Phonemes 复合主音位复合主音位 3.33 Secondary Phonemes 次音位次音位 第十八页，共三十四页。3.3.1 Prime Phonemes 单纯单纯(dnchn)主音位主

19、音位(A)The Number of Prime Phonemes-1550 ;32 (B)The Table of PrimaryPhonemesa:half ha:f up p bbig big ddigdigdjam dm then en eegg eg adddbetterbet :bird b:d ffatft ggivegivhhutht iinnin jyesjes kcutktllamblm mmetmet nnetnet singsi oddd :ought:t ppickpik rredredssetset shopp ttiptip tchintinthinin uput

20、put vvanvn wwetwet第十九页，共三十四页。3.3.2 Compound Prime Phonemes 复合复合(fh)主音位主音位 (A) The Definition Combinations of simple phonemes which act as units so far as meaning and word-structure are concerned。 （B）The Table of Compound Prime Phonemes（标准(biozhn)英语中有12个）ai buy baj ij bee bij j boybjawboughbaw juwfew

21、fjuw uwdo duwejbaybej ow go gow 第二十页，共三十四页。3.3.3 Secondary Phonemes (A)The Definition of Secondary Phonemes They appear only when two or more are combined into a larger form , or else when speech-forms are used in certain ways especially sentence . (B)The Types of Secondary Phonemes b1) stress :to s

22、peak one of these syllables louder than the other or others . b2)pitch:usully appears at the end of sentences ,as in the contrast between a question (at four oclock?) and an answer (at four oclock.) 第二十一页，共三十四页。4 Grammatical Forms and Other Important Grammar 4.1 Understanding of Basic Concepts 4.2 I

23、mmediate Constituent Analysis 4.3 Four Ways of Arranging Linguistic Forms 4.4 Other Important Grammatical Knowledge of Bloomfield第二十二页，共三十四页。4.1 Understanding of Basic Concepts 4.1.1 The Definition of Linguistic Forms Every language consists of a number of signals, linguistic forms. Which is a phone

24、tic form with constant meaning. A sentence, a phase, a word or a morpheme all can be called linguistic forms. A linguistic form which is never spoken alone is a bound form (ing, y); all others are free form (play, John run)第二十三页，共三十四页。4.1.2 The Definition of Complex Form and Simple Form A linguistic

25、 form which bears a partial phonetic-semantic resemblances to some other linguistic forms is a complex form. Examples are, John ran, John fell; blackberry, strawberry. Simple form, namely morpheme, a unit that can not be divided into further smaller units without destroying or altering the meaning,

26、whether it is lexical or grammatical.第二十四页，共三十四页。4.2 Immediate Constituent Analysis 4.2.1 Immediate Constituents and Ultimate Constituents A constituent of a linguistic construction at the first step in an analysis; for example, the immediate constituents of a sentence are the subject and the predic

27、ate. e.g. The boy ate the apple. A (Sentence) B (The boy) C( ate the apple) B和C是 A的直接(zhji)成分第二十五页，共三十四页。4.2.2 What Is Immediate Constituent Analysis IC analysis, a sentence is divided up into major divisions or “immediate constituents”, and these constituents are in turn divided into further immedi

28、ate constituents, and until each constituent consists of only a word or meaningful part of a word (morpheme).第二十六页，共三十四页。4.3 Four Ways of Arranging linguistic Forms The meaningful arrangements of forms in a language constitute its grammar. In general, there seem to be four ways of arranging linguist

29、ic forms. Order is the succession in which the constituents of a complex form are spoken. e.g. (1) John hit Bill VS Bill hit John (2) Playing VS ing-play Modulation is the use of secondary phonemes. e.g. (1) John? John! John. (2) convict 犯罪(fn zu)(v) 罪人（n）第二十七页，共三十四页。 Phonetic modification is a chan

30、ge in the primary phonemes of a form. Selection of forms. The meaning of a complex form depends in part upon the selection of the constituent forms. 第二十八页，共三十四页。4.4 Other Important Grammatical Knowledge of Bloomfield In language, Bloomfield expounds the grammatical study, mainly conclude the followi

31、ng grammatical points. Sentence-type: full sentences vs minor sentence Syntactic construction: exocentric vs endocentic Morphology(词法(cf) Substitution(替代法)第二十九页，共三十四页。5 Evaluation 5.1 Bloomfields Contributions and Influence to Linguistics 5.2 Limitations of His Linguistic Theory第三十页，共三十四页。5.1Bloomfi

32、elds Contributions and Influence to Linguistics(1) Bloomfield made important empirical contributions to three major subfields of linguistics: Indo-Eupopean conparative-historical linguistics; The study of the Malayo-Polynesian language, principally Tagalog; descriptive and comparative Algonquian lin

33、guistics.(2) Influenced by Bloomfields language, American linguists such as Z.S.Harris, C.Hockett and G.Trager further developed structuralism, characterized by a strict empiricism. (3) Bloomfield touch upon the application of linguistics to language teaching and criticized traditional grammar.第三十一页

34、，共三十四页。5.2 Limitations of His Linguistic Theory Bloomfields dismissive pronouncement on the possibilities of semantic analysis on the same scale of rigor that he required on the formal side of language encouraged almost a generation of linguists to neglect the pursuit of semantic studies in any dept

35、h and even to exclude them from the main concern of linguist. While his approach established linguistics as a scientific discipline, his isolation of linguistic phenomena from their non-linguistic mental and social environment, was a serious limitation, as human beings are social beings and language is an essential tool of communication.第三十二页，共三十四页。 Thanks For Your Attention!第三十三页，共三十四页。内容(nirng)总结Bloomfields Theory。5 Evaluation。第一(dy)部分和第三部分不具备相似之处了第三十四页，共三十四页。