有机肥结构对吸附重金属影响与修复污染土壤效果研究-田甜.docx
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1、中山大学 硕士学位论文 有机肥结构对吸附重金属影响与修复污染土壤效果研究 姓名:田甜 申请学位级别:硕士 专业:环境科学 指导教师:仇荣亮 20100605 有机肥结构对吸附重金属影响与修复污染土壤效果 研究 专业:环境科学 硕士生:田甜 指导老师:仇荣亮教授 摘要 随着土壤重金属污染危害日益加剧,土壤重金属污染修复技术受到了世界各 国的广泛关注和应用。通过添加化学改良剂来降低土壤重金属生物可利用性的化 学修复方法,可以兼修复和经济创收双重优势,具有重大经济和社会意义。有机 肥,作为化学改良剂之一,既可以吸附重金属,又可以非常有效地改良土壤理化 性质,为植物生长提供营养元素和良好的生长环境,是
2、一种非常有潜力的改良材 料。但是有机肥成分复杂,应用效果存在很大差异,对于引起吸附效果差异的原 因,文献中大多进行推测性解释,未能对有机肥结构进行充分剖析,并从中解读 结构组成对吸附效果的影响。本文通过定量分析两种不同原料有机肥的结构组分 特征、吸附重金属能力以及修复重金属污染土壤效果,来判断影响有机肥修复效 果的潜在 因素。主要研究结果如下: 1. 有机肥结构组分特征 文中两种有机肥,一种由草木和市政污泥堆制成 ( 有机肥 1),另一种由鸡 粪堆制成 ( 有机肥 2)。有机肥 1 和 2 中均以不溶 T 水、不溶丁 -碱的残渣为主, 分别占总有机碳量 55.4%和 64.1%,其次为腐殖酸
3、( 胡敏酸 HA+富里酸 FA 的混 合物 ),分别占 39%和 32.7%。腐殖酸中又以 HA 为主,超滤分级方法显示 HA 中 85%以上的有机碳量集中于 100KDa 分子量组分中。紫外 -可见光谱中吸光度 随分子景增加向长波长偏移的现象说明 HA 大分子景组分中存在更多 n 键结合, 且有机肥 2 中HA( HA2)偏移现象比 HA1 更加明显,再结合可溶性有机碳 DOC 含景的结果,可得出有机肥 2 更加熟化,多聚化联合与芳香化程度更高的结论。 2. 有机肥修复污染土壤效果存在差异,对引起差异的原因进行分析 (1) 有机肥 1 整体修复效果优于有机肥 2 有机肥 1 和 2 均能显著
4、降低受污染土壤中可交换态 Cd、 Zn、 Cu 和 Pb 含量, 且有机肥 1 的效果显著优于有机肥 2。土培实验水稻根、茎、叶中 Cd 和 Pb 致 表现出随有机肥添加量增多而含量显著降低的趋势,且依然是有机肥丨效果较 佳。 (2) 腐殖酸和残渣对有机肥吸附 Cd 起决定性作用,配位数和基团配位能力会 直接影响腐殖酸对 Cd 的吸附量 由于 Cd 的强毒性,在所用土壤中超标最严重,并且两种有机肥及同种有机 两个梯度在降低可交换态 Cd 的效果上均有显著性差异。故本文选择对有机肥 种类及剂景均很敏感的 Cd 为对象,研究有机肥结构组分对其吸附 Cd 能力的影 响。结果表明腐殖酸和残渣对吸附 C
5、d有较大决定作用,前者优势在于单位最大 吸附量较大,而后者在有机肥中含量较高,且不易溶,更稳定。因为有机肥 1 中 腐殖酸和残渣对Cd 的最大吸附量均大于有机肥 2 相应组分,且有机肥 1 和 2 中 HA 主要配位基团分别为羧基和酚羟基,而羧基配位能力强于酚羟基,这些作用 共同导致了有机肥 1 吸附 Cd 效果强于有机肥 2。 (3) 有机肥腐熟化程度决定其吸附的稳定性 有机肥 2 因为腐熟化程度强,多聚化联合及芳香化程度大,单齿配体丨 4 多齿 配体转化程度高,增大了其与 Cd 发生络合反应的稳定性,因而有机肥 2 中腐殖 酸和残渣吸附 Cd 的条件稳定系数 logK 均大于有机肥 1。
6、3. 有机肥修复效果的可能限制因素和提高效果的措施 富里酸对 Cd 有较大络合作用,但由于其分子量小,稳定性较差。故 提高有 机肥中大分子量且含较多易配位基团(如羧基)的 HA 含景,尽景排除其中稳定 性差的小分子有机物含量(如富里酸 ), 同时重视有机肥中残渣的作用,可达到 较好改良效果。如果稳定性是要达到的主要修复效果,则腐熟化、芳香化程度足 选择有机肥的主要依据。 关键词:重金属,有机肥,胡敏酸,大宝山 Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soil with Composts from Different Origins: A Study on the E
7、ffects of Compost Structure Differences on their Amending Behavior. Major: Environmental Science Name: Tian Tian Supervisor: Professor Qiu Rongliang Abstract Due to the increasing heavy metal pollution and the great harm, the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil has aroused wide concern. Che
8、mical stabilization is an in situ remediation methods where immobilizing materials (amendments) are added to contaminated soils to reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals. Compost, as one kind of organic amendments, can actively complex toxic heavy metals, as well as provide a slow-release nutrie
9、nt source. It can also increase water-holding capacity and cation exchange capacity of the substrate, and boost microbial activity. These qualities make it a great potential soil amendment. But the effect of compost depends on the types of compost According to the results of experiments using compos
10、t by several researchers, vast differences exist. Inadequate and uncertain explanations were given about the different remediation results between varieties of compost. Based on existing researches, my research woric focused on analyzing the effects of compost structure properties on their metal bin
11、ding ability, as well as their stabilizing effects when applied in heavy metal contaminated soil. The major findings are as follows: 1. The structure and component properties of the two composts The composts were from different origins. One was made from mixture of green waste and municipal sludge (
12、compost 1), the other was from chicken manure (compost 2). The amount of residue was the largest for both compost 1 and compost 2, ill amounting 55.4% and 64.1% of the total organic carbon, respectively. The unfractionated humus extract (UHE, including HA and FA) took the second place, amounting 39%
13、 and 32.7%, respectively. The main part of UHE was Humic acid (HA), of which more than 85% organic carbon distributed in the fractions with molecular weight 100kDa. The shift observed in the UV-VIS absorbance towards higher wavelength suggested a higher conjugation of 7C-bonds in the fractions of hi
14、ghest molecule size of HA. But the shift in HA2 was even more significant, which suggested compost 2 held more aromatic structure and higher humification degree. 2. The causes of the differences in remediating efficiency of compost 1 and compost 2 (1) The remediating results of compost Iwas better t
15、han compost 2 Both compost 1 and compost 2 can reduce the NH4N03 extractable Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd, significantly. But compost 1 was more efficient than compost 2. The Pb and Cd concentration in the roots, stems and leaves of rice decreased with the increase of both composts, but compost 1 was still mo
16、re effective. (2) The UHE and residue of compost determined its Cd absorbing ability Since the strong toxicity of Cd and its content in the soil badly exceeding the state standard, and since there were significant differences in NH4N03 extractable Cd between different compost and different dosage, C
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