MRSA感染抗菌药物学习班讲义.ppt
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1、 Multiple-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) Hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA)MRSA是一种对甲氧西林和苯唑西林、青霉素和阿莫西林等-内酰胺类(到目前为止)抗生素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌其他名称包括: MRSA,VISA,VRSA。 VRE耐万古霉素肠球菌: Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus MDRTB多重耐药结核杆菌: Multi-drug r
2、esistant tuberculosis QRGC: Quinolone-resistant gonococcus ESBL超广谱 -内酰胺酶(extended-spectrum beta-lactamases) resistance seen in E. coli and Klebsiella PRP青霉素耐药肺炎链球菌、PISP青霉素中敏肺炎链球菌 AmpC 非发酵菌(铜、不动) 金属酶 嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌 药物药物药物药物上市上市耐药出耐药出现现医院内医院内25%耐药耐药社区社区25%耐药耐药Penicillin19411-265-20Methicillin196190, 90 S. a
3、ureus3MS4, 5, 199, 9, 241, 9, 2110, 12, 5622, 48, 90 S. aureus3MR4, 5, 212, 6, 141, 3, 31, 16, 4040, 48, 51 葡萄球菌和肠球菌在织物和其他表面存活时间葡萄球菌和肠球菌在织物和其他表面存活时间 J Clin Microbiol. 2000 February; 38(2): 724726 表表 与临床相关的细菌在干燥环境中的保存时间与临床相关的细菌在干燥环境中的保存时间细菌类型细菌类型存活时间存活时间参考文献参考文献铜绿假单胞菌6小时16个月在干燥的地下室:5周 12, 16, 28, 52,
4、 99, 103, 104伤寒沙门菌6小时4周90鼠伤寒沙门杆菌10天4.2年15, 90, 105沙门菌1天52粘质沙雷菌3天2个月在干燥的地下室:5周12, 90志贺菌属2天5个月90, 106, 107金黄色葡萄球菌(包括MRSA)7天7个月9, 10, 16, 52, 99, 108肺炎链球菌1天20天90化脓性链球菌3天6.5月90霍乱弧菌1天7天90, 109The 5 cs Crowding Frequent skin-to-skin Contact Compromised skin (i.e. cuts or abrasions) Contaminated items and
5、surfaces Lack of Cleanliness Common locations Schools Dormitories宿舍 Military barracks Households Correctional facilities Daycare centers比一比,看一看比一比,看一看 6.2% of HCWs were found to be nasal carriers of MRSA in a 600-bed hospital 4 of 10 MRSA-positive HCWs studied had transmitted to family membersEveill
6、ard et al, Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Among Hospital Employees: Prevalence, Duration, and Transmission to Households, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004 Feb;25 (2):114-20 直接接触与间接接触 人-人传播尤其是手 接触污染的环境 呼吸道飞沫 直接. 间接:环境被呼吸道飞沫污染 与金黄色葡萄球菌感染或定植者皮肤-皮肤接触 接触有黄色葡萄球菌的物品或物体表面 皮肤开放性病变
7、 居住(住院)环境拥挤 卫生条件差尤其是手卫生Incubation period from exposure to infection depends on many factors 85% MRSA感染发生在医疗机构 医院外2/3发生在福利院、家庭护理、透析中心和诊所 在医院内20%的血流感染由金黄色葡萄球菌引起抗生素阴性病人定植感染皮肤破损侵入性设施,免疫抑制Community Associated MRSA (CA-MRSA): MRSA 感染是指过去一年内没有住院或者没有如透析、手术、留置导管等医疗操作的人员感染MRSA。CDC 发生在基于社区的环境 社区分离株更敏感 入院48小时内培
8、养分离到MRSA (如果住院) 一年内无住院史No history of hospitalization in past year 一年内无手术史No history of surgery in past year 一年内无住福利院史No history of long-term care in past year 一年内无透析史No history of dialysis in past year 无持久的留置导管史或侵入性医疗设施操作No permanent indwelling catheters or percutaneous medical devices 以前未感染或定植MRSA
9、No prior history of MRSA infection or colonization与医院MRSA的差异 Clinical Skin and soft tissue infections Epidemiology Children and young adults, summertime Prisons, IVDU, sports teams, aboriginal populations Phenotype Mono-resistant/non-MDR, rapid growth Genotype Type IV SCCmec gene, PVL and other viru
10、lence factors, PFGE patternsEpidemiology No national surveillance Emerged in 1980s, increasing, epidemic levels?Pathogenicity M o r e p a t h o g e n i c , transmissible than HA-MRSA Different from CA-MSSA?Risk factors Limited studies suggest few identifiable risk factors Antibiotic use usually not
11、a risk factor Hospital Transmission of CA-MRSA among Postpartum Women Departments of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York 8 women skin and soft-tissue MRSA infections mean time of 23 days (range, 4-73 days) after delivery 4 cases of mastitis (3 progressed to breast abscess), a postoperative wou
12、nd infection, cellulitis, pustulosis Identical by PFGE to CA-MRSA strain MW2 Route of transmission not discovered: cultures from employees of the hospital, the hospital environment, and newborns negativeSaiman et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Nov 15;37(10):1313-9 Cases from 10 hospitals 354 patients (me
13、dian age, 16 years) 299 (84%) skin infections 103 (29%) hospitalizedMore than 90% of isolates susceptible to all agents tested, with exception of -lactams and erythromycin334 treated, 282 (84%) initially treated with agents to which their isolates were nonsusceptible174 tested, 150 (86%) 1 PFGE clon
14、al groupNaimi et al. Clin Infect Dis October 20014,612 patients with S. aureus identified at 10 sentinel sites (total number S. aureus unavailable at two sites)1164 (25%) were MRSA (range 10-50%) 994 (85%) were HA-MRSA 133 (11%) were CO-MRSA (range 4-50%) after patient interview* 37 (3%) not enough
15、information to classify*13% of presumptive CO-MRSA cases were reclassified as HA-MRSA after interviewCourtesy Kathy Ledell, Minnesota Department of Health 4例儿童死于CA-MRSA,Minnesota and North Dakota, 1997-1999 MMWR August 20, 1999 / 48(32);707-710 开始均用头胞菌素治疗 对beta-lactams 外抗菌药物菌敏感 社区暴发已经发生于 Injection-d
16、rug users Aboriginals in Canada, New Zealand, and Australia Native Americans/Alaska Natives in United States :Players of close-contact sports (scrum pox) MSM? Institutional outbreaks P r i s o n s , j a i l s , developmentally disabled More than S. aureus in past? 卫生 Hand hygiene Showering with soap
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