小学英语必备基础知识.docx
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1、小学英语必备基础知识基础知识1.字母:26个字母的大小写ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz2.音标:48个音标3.词汇:词汇量,近反义词4.句子:大小写,标点符号语法知识一、名词:名词单复数,名词的格(一)名词单复数1.一般情况,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds2.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如
2、:family-families, strawberry-strawberries4.以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives5.不规则名词复数:man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice,child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese不可数名词的复数就是原型:paper, juice, wa
3、ter, milk, rice, tea(二)名词的格(1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格:a) 单数后加 s 如: Lucys ruler my fathers shirtb) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加 如: his friends bagsc) 不以s 结尾的复数后加 s childrens shoesl并列名词中,如果把 s加在最后一个名词后,表示共有, 如:Tom and Mikes car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车l要表示所有物不是共有的,应分别在并列名词后加sToms and Mikes cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车(2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of +名词”来表示所有关系:如
4、:a picture of the classroom a map of China二、冠词:不定冠词,定冠词种类:(1)不定冠词:a / an元音开头的可数名词前用an :an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / a
5、n exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /(2)定冠词:the定冠词的用法:(1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物:The ruler is on the desk.(2)复述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new.(3)谈话双方都知道的人或物:The boys arent at school.(4)在序数词前:Johns birthday is February the second.(5)用于固定词组中:in the morning / afternoon / evening不用冠词
6、的情况:(1)专有名词前:China is a big country.(2)名词前有定语:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等:This is my baseball.(3)复数名词表示一类人和事:Monkeys cant swim. They are teachers.(4)在节日,日期,月份,季节前:Today is Christmas Day. Its Sunday.(5)一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.(6)球类 棋类运动前:They often play football after class. He
7、 plays chess at home.* 但乐器前要用定冠词:I play the guitar very well.(7)学科名称前:My favorite subject is music.(8)在称呼或头衔的名词前:This is Mr Li.(9)固定词组中:at noon at night by bus三、代词、形容词、副词代词:人称代词,物主代词人称代词物主代词主格宾格第一人称单数I(我)memy(我的)复数we(我们)usour(我们的)第二人称单数you(你)youyour(你的)复数you(你们)youyour(你们的)第三人称单数he(他)himhis(他的)she(她
8、)herher(她的)it(它)itits(它的)复数they(他们/她们/它们)themtheir(他们的/她们的/它们的)形容词,副词:比较级,最高级(一)形容词的比较级1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用:两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。2.形容词加er的规则: 一般在词尾加er ; 以字母e 结尾,加r ; 以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er ; 以“辅音字母+y”结尾,先把y变i,再加er 。3.不规则形容词比较级:good-b
9、etter, beautiful-more beautiful(二)副词的比较级1.形容词与副词的区别(有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动)在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后2.副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同(不规则变化:well-better, far-farther)四、数词:基数词、序数词基数词(1)1-20one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen, sixteen,seventeen,
10、eighteen,nineteen,twenty(2)21-99 先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间加连字符。23twenty-three,34thirty-four,45fortyfive,56fifty-six,67sixty-seven,78seventy-eight,89eighty-nine,91ninety-one(3)101999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;586five hundred and eighty-six,803eight hundred and three(4)l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二
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