名词性从句讲义--高考英语二轮专题.docx
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1、名词性从句一、 定义与功能在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、和同位语,因此根据它在句中充当不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。当名词性从句要采用陈述句语序。由一个含疑问意义的连词引起时,必须将该连词放在名词性从句的开头,且该从句语序不能倒装。二、 引导词类别词义在从句中的作用that无任何词义仅起连接作用,在从句中不充当任何句子成分if和whether意为“是否”,表明从句意义的不确定性起连接作用,在从句中不充当任何句子成分关系代词who, what,
2、 which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever有各自自身的意义起连接作用,并在从句中充当主、表、宾、定语等关系副词when,where,why,how, however, whenever, wherever有各自自身的意义起连接作用,并在从句中充当状语三、whether和if的区别 (1)whether可以引导discuss和介词宾语从句,而if不能。 They are talking about whether they will go there.他们正在讨论是否去那里。(不能用if) (2)whether可以应到所
3、有的名词性从句,而if只能引导宾语从句;在引起主语从句时,特别是主语从句在句首时,不能用if,除非是有形式主语it的主语从句。 Whether the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet. 2000年奥运会是否在北京举行还不知道。(不能用if) (3)whether后可以直接跟or not或or no,构成whether or not或whether or no,if则不能。但可以说whether/if or not, whether/if or。I dont know whether or not hell
4、come. 我不知道他是否会来。(不能用if)(4)if 引导的从句可用于否定的谓语,whether引导的从句不用于否定的谓语。 I dont care if you wont come.我才不在乎他来不来呢。 (5)whether or可以引导让步状语从句,or不可省略;if可以引导条件状语从句。 Whether it snows or not, I will go there by bike.不论明天下不下雪,我都骑车去。 If he had been given more time, he could have done it much better. 如果给他更多的时间,他会做得更好。
5、(6)whether可以和不定式连用,而if不能。 He didnt know whether to get married or to wait.他不知道是现在结婚还是等等再说。They havent decided whether to go there or not.他们还没决定去不去。(7)whether和if引导的宾语从句,可以用肯定,也可以用否定,但含义不同。He asked whether she could help.他问她是否能帮忙。(表示疑问,可加or not) He asked whether she couldnt help.他认为她能帮忙。(表示否定,不可加or no
6、t)巧记whether与if异同“whether”与“if”都可表“是否”,是常考内容。下面的顺口溜可帮你记住其异同。主从表从同位从,if不用whether用;discuss和介词后,whether引宾从;不定式、or not后面跟,whether独能显神通;宾从如是否定句,if发挥其功用;避免歧义要慎重,其他情况可换用。四、主语从句(subject clauses)在复合句中起主语作用的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的词有从属连词、关系代词、连接副词等。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词that、whether,关系代词:who, what, which , whom, whose, whatev
7、er, whoever, whomever, whichever;关系副词:when, where, how, why, however, whenever, wherever等。1、 从属连词that,whether引导的主语从句。从属连词that,whether在主语从句中的作用只是引导主语从句,它们在从句中不担任成分,不能省略。That you dont like him is none of my business.你不喜欢她不管我的事。Whether she will come or not is still a question. 她是否会来仍是一个问题。2、 2、由连接代词引导的
8、主语从句。(1) 连接代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等,引导主语从句时,它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语或定语,不能省略。Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.走得最晚的应当关灯。What you have done might do harm to other people. 你的行为可能伤害别人。(2)what引导主语从句“的东西/事情”时,可用来表示the thing(s)which这种意思,引导从句,
9、表示一样东西与一件事情,这种用法的what称为关系代词型what,who,whom,which,what可以和ever构成合成词,和what一样引导从句,ever起强调作用。这些关系词在句子中充当成分,所以不能省略。此类主语从句不能用形式主语it引导。What I need (=The thing which I need) is a mobile phone.我所需要的是一部移动电话。Whoever leaves the office (=Any one who leaves the office)should tell me.无论是谁离开办公室都应该告诉我。2、连接副词引导的主语从句。连接
10、副词有when, where, why, how, however, whenever, wherever等引导主语从句时,它们在从句中担任状语,不能省略。此类主语从句可以转换为以it作形式主语的句子。Why he didnt come here is not clear to anyone.他为什么没来谁也不清楚。主语从句中It作形式主语常用句型:1. It + be +形容词(obvious, true, natural, possible, likely, probable, certain, wonderful, good, etc.) + that 从句2. It + be +名词词
11、组(no wonder,a pity,an honor, a good thing, no surprise , etc.) + that 从句3. It + be + 过去分词(said, thought, reported, expected, announced, decided , etc.) + that 从句4. It +不及物动词(seem, happen, etc.) + that 从句5. It doesnt matter(make no different, etc.) + 连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句Eg: It is certain that she will do
12、 well in her exam.Eg:It is no surprise that our team should have won the game.五、表语从句用作表语的从句叫作表语从句,它位于主句中的连系动词之后。引导表语从句的词有从属连词that、whether、as though/if;关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等;关系副词when, where, why, how, however, whenever, wherever等。可以接表语从句的连系动词由be, l
13、ook, remain, seem等。 be 感官动词look/sound/feel/smell/taste连系动词 表变化 go/get/become/turn/grow“变得” 表静止 keep/stay/remain“保持” 其他 seem/appear/prove1、由从属连词that,whether引导的表语从句。that在引导表语从句时无词义,通常不省略,whether有词义,意为、“是否”。这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词,如question(问题),trouble(麻烦),problem(问题),result(结果),chance(可能性),suggestion(建议),idea
14、(想法),reason(理由)等。表语从句对主句主语进行说明、解释,使主语的内容具体化。 The trouble is (that) she has lost his money. 麻烦的事是他丢了钱。The question is whether we need more ice cream.问题是我们是否还需要一些冰淇淋。2、由关系代词引导的表语从句。关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等引导表语从句,在句中作主语、宾语、表语,关系代词不能省略。The question is wh
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