第一讲 名词专题 学案--高考英语一轮复习.docx

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1、一、名词专题：考点：1. 可数名词单复数：单数可数名词前用不定冠词修饰，数量超过1变复数。There is public library in every town in Britain. (a)There are many branch library in many villages.(library-libraries)Quite a few companies(company) produce special clothing for people who enjoy backpacking.2. 不可数名词没有复数，前不能用不定冠词修饰，后不能+s变复数。Papers catches

2、 fire easily.(papers-paper) paper表纸张为不可数名词，不能用复数。These children had a great fun in the park.fun表乐趣为不可数名词，不能用不定冠词修饰。3. 可数名词和不可数名词之前的修饰语不同。 只能修饰可数名词的短语只能修饰不可数名词的短语可数不可数皆可修饰的短语few 几乎没有little 几乎没有anya few 一些a little 一些some quite a few/many/many a 很多much 很多enoughplenty of a great many a great deal (of)a

3、quantity of=quantities ofa (great) number ofa large amount ofa lot of=lots of4. 抽象名词的具体化：a+抽象名词具体化表一件的事情（抽象名词单独使用为不可数名词。）eg. Its a great honor for me to deliver a speech in this famous university. （一件光荣的事情） I enjoy a great time during stay in London. （一段愉快的时光）5. 抽象名词经常考查to ones +n（句首）和in+n（句末）To his

4、 happiness, he passed the exam.（令某人感到的是）He passed the exam in happiness.（处于状态）常见的to ones+n的搭配有：to ones surprise让某人感到惊奇的是to ones happiness让某人感到开心的是to ones regret让某人感到遗憾、惭愧的是to ones relief让某人如释重负的是to ones shock让某人震惊的是to ones excitement让某人兴奋的是to ones astonishment让某人惊诧的是 to ones embarrassment 让某人尴尬的是to

5、ones amazement让某人惊叹的是英语中，词性的变化，动词转化为名词也是考点之一。其中抽象类名词变化是常考点。我们来总结一下吧。常见的抽象类名词achieve v.实现achievement n.成就accomplish v.实现accomplishment n.成就excite v. 使兴奋excitement n.兴奋disappoint v.使失望disappointment n.失望amaze v. 使惊叹amazement n.惊叹；赞叹embarrass v.使尴尬embarrassment n.尴尬amuse v.使愉快amusement n.消遣；娱乐astonish

6、v.惊讶；惊诧astonishment n.惊讶；令人惊讶的事物encourage v.鼓励encouragement n.鼓励；激励refresh v.使振奋；使提神refreshment n.精力恢复；起提神作用的东西frustrate v.使沮丧frustration n.挫折；失利depress v.使沮丧depression n. 压抑；沮丧confuse v.使困惑confusion n. 混淆；困惑fascinate v.使入迷fascination n. 魅力impress v.使印象深刻impression n. 印象inspire v.鼓舞inspiration n. 鼓舞

7、人心的事物；灵感satisfy v.使满意satisfaction n. 满意create v.创造creativity n.创造力please v.使高兴pleasure n. 乐趣devote v.奉献devotion n. 奉献dedicate v.致力于；献身dedication n. 奉献relieve v.舒缓；减轻relief n. 舒一口气；安慰believe v. 相信belief n. 信仰grow v.成长；种植growth n. 成长fail v. 失败failure n. 失败hate v.厌恶；讨厌hatred n. 憎恨；怨恨annoy v.骚扰；打扰annoya

8、nce n. 烦恼lose v.失去loss n. 损失brave adj.勇敢的bravery n. 勇敢honest adj.诚实的honesty n. 诚信confident adj. 有信心的confidence n. 信心angry adj.生气的anger n. 怒气anxious adj.焦虑的anxiety n. 焦虑happy adj.开心的happiness n. 开心sad adj.难过的sadness n. 伤心poor adj. 贫穷的poverty n.贫穷kind adj.善良的kindness n. 善良generous adj.慷慨的generosity n.

9、 慷慨patient adj.耐心的patience n. 耐心strong adj.强壮的strength n. 优势weak adj. 虚弱的weakness n. 弱点wise adj.明智的wisdom n. 智慧intelligent adj.intelligence n. 智力；智慧beautiful adj. 美丽的beauty n. 美丽comfortable adj. 舒适的comfort n. 舒适lonely adj.孤独的loneliness n. 孤独elegant adj.优雅的；高雅的；讲究的elegance n. 典雅；高雅free adj.自由的freedom

10、 n. 自由proud adj.骄傲的；自豪的pride n. 自豪；骄傲able adj.有能力的ability n. 能力curious adj.好奇的curiosity n. 好奇心expect v.期待；预计expectation n. 期望appreciate v.感激appreciation n.感激；感谢apologize v.道歉apology n.道歉complain v.抱怨compliant n.抱怨；投诉congratulate v.congratulations. 祝贺apply v.application n.申请；应用6. 集合名词：表一类事物的名词，单复数同形，

11、后面不能加+sThere are thousands of audiences in the stadium watching the superstars concert.audience注意：food,fruit可作集合名词，表一类事物。eg. Healthy food is important to everybody. 健康的事物对每个人都很重要。I like eating fruit.我喜欢吃水果。food, fruit表食物或水果的种类时，作可数名词。eg. In this supermarket, you can find different kinds of foods and

12、 fruits.7. 有些名词在进行词性变化时，有自己的固定写法。congratulate在进行名词变形时，需自动在后面+s，即congratulations（自动复数形式）。impress在进行名词变形时，一般是变成单数形式impression。instruct 在进行名词变形时，注意语义，表指导用instruction, 表说明书的时候为instructions（自动复数形式）。difficult在进行名词变形时，有单复数形式，若是放在固定搭配“做某事有困难”，只能变成单数difficulty。若单独使用，表很多困难可以用复数。expect在进行名词变形时，语义为“期待；预料”为单数 ，语

13、义为“期望；希望”为复数。 注意比较这两个词组： beyond ones expectation 出乎意料; live up to ones expectations 不负厚望eg. Id like to express my sincere congratulations (congratulate) to you on your great success. My first impression (impress) of him was favourable. Always read the instructions (instruct) before start taking the

14、medicine. I learned that you have difficulty(difficult) in making friends. Our life will come across a lot of difficulties.(difficult) Quite beyond their expectation(expect), they saw the kangaroos still free to go out. Hope you will live up to your parents expectations (expect). 8. 有些单词在进行拼写的时候，注意本

15、身是成对的形式出现，要用复数形式。eg. scissors（剪刀）, trousers/pants（裤子）,glasses（眼镜）,gloves（手套）, shoes（鞋子）9. 可数名词在变复数的时候，常规变形+s/es/ies.第一组：以o/s/x/ch/sh结尾的名词变复数+es eg. tomato-tomatoes; potato-potatoes bus-buses, box-boxes, watch-watches,dish-dishes第二组：以辅音字母+y的名词变复数将y-i+eseg. company-companies,family-families, country-c

16、ountries, baby-babies,strawberry-strawberries 以元音字母+y的名词变复数直接+seg. monkey-monkeys, holiday-holidays,toy-toys有一些是不规则变化，以下总结的是高频单词，同学们要记住哦!第一组：man-men; woman-women第二组：foot-feet, tooth-teeth第三组：leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, shelf-shelves, self-selves第四组: child-children, mouse-mice, phenomen

17、on-phenomena,criterion-criteria第五组：单复数同形 sheep, people,audience,faculty,cattle,poultry注意：比较特殊的两个名词photo-photos（photoes) 照片German-Germans德国人以下附上高频可数名词和不可数名词，请同学们牢记哦！表一：看起来不像可数名词的可数名词容易忽视的可数名词achievements 成就contributions 贡献efforts 努力arrangements 安排adjustments 调整preparations 准备sufferings 苦难complaints 抱

18、怨benefits 益处measures 措施difficulties 苦难applications 应用effects 影响abilities 能力thoughts 想法feelings 感受leave an impression 印象have an effect/influence 影响表二：高频不可数名词初中阶段1.液体名词water 水juice 果汁tea 茶porridge 粥milk 牛奶coffee 咖啡rain 雨wine 酒ink 墨水beer啤酒oil油soup汤2.肉类名词meat 肉pork猪肉fish 鱼肉chicken 鸡肉mutton 羊肉 beef 牛肉3.颗

19、粒状物体salt 盐rice大米dust灰尘dirt泥土sand沙子flour 面粉4.气体空间类air 空气gas 气体space空间room 空间5.饮食类bread面包fruit 水果cheese奶酪food食品cream奶油butter黄油ice-cream冰淇淋jam果酱ice冰块rice 米饭6.材料类silk 丝绸cotton 棉花wool 羊毛wood 木头metal 金属bamboo 竹子paper 纸张grass 青草rubber 橡胶cloth布料7.钱类money钱cash现金change零钱gold金属jewelry珠宝wealth 财富gold黄金treasure

20、宝藏8.垃圾类rubbishwastetrashlittergarbage9.天气类wind 风snow 雪weather 天气sunshine 阳光高中阶段news/word 消息fun 乐趣research 研究strength 体力evidence 证据information 信息furniture 家具trouble 麻烦guidance 指导equipment 设备knowledge 知识pressure/stress 压力baggage 行李luggage行李pollution污染energy精力scenery风景education 教育traffic 交通comfort舒适pro

21、gress 进步advice 建议attention 注意力behaviour 行为举止homework家作housework家务value 价值training 训练weight重量fat脂肪hair 头发glass 玻璃noise 噪音laughter 笑声表三：语义不同，可数不可数名词相互转换既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词可数名词不可数名词strength n.优点；长处 strength n.体力；力气experience n.经历experience n.经验occupation n.职业occupation n.占领；占据belongings n. 所有物belonging n.归

22、属(U) a sense of belonging 归属感possessions n.财产possession n.所有；拥有glasses n.眼镜；镜片 glass n.玻璃damages n.赔偿金damage n/v.损害 do damage tofood n.食物的种类food.食物的总称fruit n.水果的种类fruit n.水果的总称work n.作品work n.工作word n.单词word n.消息；诺言deaths n.死亡人数death n.死亡survivals n.幸存者survival n.幸存；存活time n.次数time n.时间paper n. 文件；试

23、卷paper n.纸张room n.房间room n.空间necessity n.必需品necessity n.必要性iron n.熨斗iron n.铁youth n.青年人youth n.青春fish n.鱼fish n.鱼肉chicken n.鸡chicken n.鸡肉study n.学习study n.课业；学业；书房interest n.兴趣爱好（具体）Her interests are music and tennis.兴趣爱好是音乐和网球。interest n.兴趣（抽象）show great interest in 对感兴趣lives生命 save many lives救了很多人

24、life生活；人生 daily life日常生活表四：同义但一个可数一个不可数可数名词不可数名词suggestion n.建议advice n.建议difficulty n.困难trouble n.困难；麻烦surroundings n.环境environment n.环境thanks n.感谢appreciation n.感谢clothes n.衣服；服装clothing n.衣服；服装contribution n.贡献devotion n.奉献；贡献job/occupation n.职业；工作work n.工作take measures to do sth 采取措施做某事take acti

25、on to do sth 采取措施做某事表五：a+抽象名词具体化表一件 的事情a surprise 一个惊喜 a shock 一件令人震惊的事情a pity 一件令人遗憾的事情a shame 一件令人羞愧的事情a delight/pleasure/joy 一件令人开心的事情a honor 一件令人荣幸的事情a comfort 一件令人欣慰的事情a relief一件令人如释重负的事情a failure 一件失败的事情a success 一件成功的事情a disappointment 一件令人感到事情的事情a concern 一件令人担忧的事情a must 一件必须做的事情a pride 一件令人

26、自豪的事情a time 一段时间a danger 一个（件）危险的人或事a fortune 一笔财富表六：集合名词:单复数同形（复数不用加s）poetry 诗歌的总称 注：poem为单首诗audience 听众；观众faculty 教职员工staff 公司职员crew （轮船；飞机上的）工作人员people 人们cattle 牛群sheep 羊群poultry 家禽police 警察mankind人类personnel 全体人员population 人口military 军队clothing 衣服Machinery 机械表七：有s无s大不同1.词性不同ruins n.废墟ruin v.毁灭su

27、rroundings n.环境surrounding adj.周围的goods n. 货物good adj.好的thanks n.感谢thank v.感谢demands n.需求demand v.要求needs n.需求need v.需要rapids n.湍流rapid adj.迅速的means n.方式；手段mean v.意味着contents n.目录content adj.满意的；自足的looks n.外表look v.看drinks n.饮料drink v.喝regards n.问候regard v.将视为；看待greens n.青菜green adj.绿色的tears n.眼泪tea

28、r v.撕毁respects n.方面 in some respects 在一些方面respect v.尊重2.语义不同instructions 说明书instruction 指令；命令=ordermanners 礼仪 table manners 餐桌礼仪manner 方式；方法peoples 种族；民族people人们；人民（集合名词）arms 武器arm手臂customs 海关custom 习俗；风俗interests 利息interest兴趣爱好parents 父母parent 父母中其中一方times 时代time时间airs n.傲气；put on airs 装腔作势air n.空气

29、；氛围glasses 眼镜glass 玻璃chips薯条chip 芯片waters水域water 水spirits 酒精；饮料spirit精神；灵魂3.以复数结尾的单词congratulations n.祝贺circumstances 情形；状况scissors n.剪刀pants/trousers长裤shorts 短裤jeans牛仔裤news新闻(U)towards=toward 朝向；对着 (prep) stairs楼梯savings 积蓄chopsticks 筷子knives and forks 刀叉earnings 工资interests 利息maths 数学potato chips

30、薯条clothes 衣服play sports 进行体育运动be in high spirits 情绪高涨be in low spirits 情绪低落名词改错练习：(1) What a lot of works I have to finish today.(2) What a beautiful weather we are having recently.(3) Most of them are woman doctors.(4) Mr Zhang looks very happy today. He has got many good news from here.(5) Will you please make a room for the lady outside?(6) He gained his wealths by printing works of famous writers.(7) She has made some progresses in English.(8) My brother has one of his tooth taken out.(9) I saw a lot of peoples in the meeting-room.(10) We met with many difficulty.学科网（北京）股份有限公司