Unit8---西方文化导论.ppt

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1、Get StartedGet Started1. A General Introduction 2. Focus InGet StartedGet Started The 18th and 19th centuries were not only an important period for political stage, but also a period of important cultural change. A great host of forms and styles came to the fore in the scene of Western literature an

2、d art. They included romanticism, realism and naturalism. Generally realism is based on the mode of reproducing reality, while romanticism focuses on emotion and nature and ontological naturalism refers more to reality being limited to the observable world. The 18th-century Enlightenment firmly esta

3、blished the rational capacity of the Europeans. But by the end of the century and into the early part of the 19th century, people began to realize that man is an emotional and organic individual. Therefore, the man of reason became the new manGet Startedof feeling. By the 1830s and 1840s, the Romant

4、ic Movement began to wane, while the trend towards realism started to rise. Realism in fact, as a reaction to romanticism, shared and maintained its focus upon the freedom of the artistic mind. But compared with romanticism, realism puts more value upon the mind and observations of the outside world

5、. Realism emphasizes the truthful and objective representation of reality. In literature, prose fiction, especially the novel, becomes its most often employed means to achieve the goal. Naturalism is the further development of realism in the sense that a naturalistic representation tends more to exp

6、ose the essence of the object by means of inherent social and environmental factors. Realism preceded impressionism in the 19th century and survived into the 20th century, notably as the social realism of left-wing movements in art and literature. Get Started To understand the origin and the major c

7、oncerns of romanticism To be familiar with the Romanticist School and its achievements in France, Germany and England To know the characteristics of realism To get to know the birth of naturalism and its development in literature and artsText StudyText StudyI. Romanticism II. Realism III. Naturalism

8、 Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeaslThe Birth and Characteristics of Romanticism Romanticism was a reaction against the Enlightenment and against the 18th-century rationalism and materialism in general. It began as early as Rousseau. He held that human natural feelings pointed to the right direction whi

9、le reason would lead man astray. Under Rousseaus influence, romanticism became discernible first in France, and its substantial achievements were made in Germany and England. Romantics emphasis was the individual and the subjective viewpoint. They delighted in irrational, imaginative, personal, natu

10、ral, emotional, visionary, and transcendental elements of experience. The most typical of romanticism was a deepenedText StudyMain IdeasMain Ideasappreciation of the beauties of nature. As well, romanticism preferred to turn into the self, to examine human into personality and to value heroic qualit

11、ies. Romanticism has involved itself in the literary and artistic areas as poetry, painting and music by exhibiting the features of individualism, emotionalism, worship of nature, fascination with the alien aspects of foreign lands, nationalism and disillusionment.Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeaslThe

12、Romanticist School and Its AchievementsIn GermanyStorm and Stress MovementGoethe: Faust,The sorrow of Young Werther Schiller: The Robber dramamusicBeethoven, Hayden, Mozart, Schubert and Schumann Text StudyMain IdeasIn Francepaintingsculpture Franois Rude: MarseillaiseMain IdeasE. Delacroix: Freedom

13、 Leads the People,Dante and Virgil in the HellThodore Gricault: The Raft of the MedusaText StudyMain IdeasLake Poets Wordsworth: Lyrical Ballads, The PreludeColeridge: Kubla Khan, The Ancient Mariner In England poetryByron: Beppo, Don JuanShelley: Queen Mab, Ode to the West Wind Keats: Ode to Nighti

14、ngale, Ode on Melancholy Main Ideasyoung radical poets Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsJohann Gottfried von Herder (1744 1803) 赫尔德赫尔德：A German philosopher, poet, and literary critic. He is associated with the periods of Enlightenment, Sturm und Drang (“狂飙突进”运动), and Weimar Classicism(魏玛古典主

15、义).Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsSturm und Drang (Storm and Stress) “狂飙突进狂飙突进”运动运动：The name of a movement in German literature and music taking place from the late 1760s through the early 1780s in which individual subjectivi

16、ty and, in particular, extremes of emotion were given free expression in response to the confines of rationalism imposed by the Enlightenment and associated aesthetic movements. The main representatives were Herder, Goethe and Schiller. Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsJohann Christoph Frie

17、drich von Schiller (1759 1805) 席勒席勒: A German poet, philosopher, historian, and dramatist. During the last few years of his life (17881805), Schiller struck up a productive, if complicated, friendship with already famous and influential Johann Wolfgang Goethe, with whom he greatly discussed issues c

18、oncerning aesthetics, encouraging Goethe to finish works he left merely as sketches; this thereby gave way to a period now referred to as Weimar Classicism. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsThe Lake Poets湖畔诗人湖畔诗人: The Lake Poet

19、s are a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. As a group, they followed no single “school” of thought or literary practice then known. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement. The main figures are William Wordsworth and

20、Samuel Taylor Coleridge. A. WordsworthB. Coleridge D. ByronText StudyComprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.C. Rousseau (1) Romanticism first began in the ideas of _.Comprehension ExercisesWordsworth and SoutheyB. Coleridge and SoutheyD. Southey and BlakeText StudyComprehension ExercisesC. Wordswort

21、h and Coleridge(2) English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by _. Comprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.A. Faust and The RobberC. Faust and The Sorrows of Young Werther D. Faust and The Divine ComedyText StudyComprehension ExercisesB. Faust

22、 and The Sorrows of Yong Werther(3) The most famous German romantic writer is Goethe whose representative works include _. Comprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.Baron Antoine GrosB. Theodore GericaultC. P. O. RungeText StudyComprehension ExercisesD. Eugene Delacroix(4) With the works of Freedom Lea

23、ds the People and Dante and Virgil in the Hell, was named as the greatest French Romantic painter.Comprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.A. Ode to Nightingale.B. Ode on Melancholy.D. Ode on Indolence.Text StudyComprehension ExercisesC. Ode to the West Wind.(5) Which of the following is not the ode w

24、ritten by John Keats?Comprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.Text StudyThink and DiscussSay something about the origin and the major concerns of Romanticism. Give examples. Romanticism originated out of the craving for individual freedom by the young intellectuals who could not tolerate ideological a

25、nd intellectual oppression derived from classicism and rationalism imposed by the ruling class and traditional culture, as was demonstrated in Germany where the Storm and Stress Movement occurred under Rousseaus influence which attracted many followers including Goethe and Schiller.Think and Discuss

26、Text StudyThink and Discuss To some extent it was a reaction against the Enlightenment and the 18th-century rationalism and materialism in general. It demanded more reasonable attention to human passion and individuality as a way to reach real human emancipation and freedom. The major concerns of Ro

27、manticism comprised individualism, emotionalism, worship of nature, fascination with the alien aspects of foreign lands, enthusiasm for nationalism and often expressed an air of disillusionment.Think and DiscussText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain Idea

28、sText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain Idea

29、sText StudyMain IdeasThe Background and Definition of RealismMain IdeasBackground Political situation in Europe: French Revolution opened a wide road for capitalist development. The principles of equality, freedom and philanthropy were widespread. The bourgeois democratic revolution removed the barr

30、iers of the forces defending the monarchies. In the 19th century, the capitalist mode of production in Europe became more effective and established. Nonetheless, consequent social contradictions between the aspirations of bourgeoisie and the proletariat sharpened. Socialist ideology grew from the ut

31、opian stage to the practical stage, and thus Marxism, Darwinism and Positivism were born. Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasDefinition and PerformanceRealism as a mode of writing or creative expression dates back to ancient times. As early as Aristotles Poetics, realism was defined as a mode of copying

32、from reality. It has been pursued universally in the arts and refers to the accurate, detailed, non-ornamented depiction of nature or human life. In the 19th century, realists inclined themselves to the exposition of social reality and condemnation of social evil and darkness.Text StudyMain IdeasRea

33、list Fiction and PaintingWriterWorksCommon Feature of the Works FictionBleak House, Oliver Twist,David Copperfield Main IdeasCharles Dickens William Thackeray Leo Tolstoyi. criticism of the dark forces of societyii. sympathy for the poor, the good and the weakiii. attacks against the system or other

34、 deep- rooted social evilsiv. a mixture of diverse ideas Vanity FairAnna Karenina,The Resurrection Antony Chekhov The Seagul,The Three sisters Text StudyMain IdeasPainter Gustave Courbet Jean-Francois Millet Works Honore Daumier Main IdeasPainting Burial at Ornans, Stone Breakers The Sower,The Glean

35、ers The Third-Class WagonText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsPositivism 实证主义实证主义: It refers to a set of epistemological perspectives and philosophies of science which hold that the scientific method is the best approach to uncovering the processes by which both physical and human events occur.

36、 Though the positivist approach has been a recurrent theme in the history of Western thought from the ancient Greeks to the present day, the concept was developed in the early 19th century by the philosopher and founding sociologist, Auguste Comte. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpret

37、ation of Cultural TermsBarbizon School 巴比松画派巴比松画派: The Barbizon school (c. 18301870) of painters is named after the village of Barbizon near Fontainebleau Forest, France, where the artists gathered. They aimed to reproduce the local character of the landscape. The Barbizon painters were part of a mo

38、vement towards realism in art which arose in the context of the dominant Romantic Movement of the time. The leaders of the Barbizon school were Thodore Rousseau, Charles-Franois Daubigny, and Jean-Franois Millet. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural Terms“The Eight” 八

39、人派：八人派：It is a group of American artists who exhibited as a group only once, at the Macbeth Gallery in New York in 1908. The show, which created a sensation, subsequently toured the US under the auspices of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. “The Eight” are remembered as a group, despite the

40、 fact that their works were very diverse in terms of style and subject matter. Later, five of the artists (Henri, Sloan, Glackens, Shinn, and Luks) painted the gritty urban scenes that characterized the Ashcan School. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsNeue Sac

41、hlichkeit（The New Objectivity）新即物派：新即物派：It is an art movement that arose in Germany in the early 1920s as a natural development of, and in opposition to, expressionism. The movement essentially ended in 1933 with the fall of the Weimar Republic and the rise of the Nazis to power. The term is applied

42、 to works of pictorial art, literature, music, and architecture. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyComprehension ExercisesCharles Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection put forward in his Survival of the Fittest dealt a fatal blow to theChristian Creationism.Realism refers to the a

43、ccurate, detailed, non-ornamented depiction of nature or human life. English realism finds its best expression in novels.The most representative works of Charles Dickens are Vanity Fair, Oliver Twist and David Copperfield.As a major painter of the Barbizon School, Miller often painted rural scenes o

44、r conventional images with a real sense of daily life. Comprehension Exercises_F_T_T_T_FTrue or false questions. Text StudyThink and DiscussAlthough the realistic writers made their works in different styles and perspectives, they shared the common points of realism. Can you generalize these common

45、points?All the realistic novels share the following points:i. criticism of the dark forces of societyii. sympathy for the poor, the good and the weakiii. attacks against the system or other deep-rooted social evils iv. a mixture of diverse ideasThink and DiscussText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Stu

46、dyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Stu

47、dyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study The Birth and Features of NaturalismMain Ideas The French nation was thrown into a state of depression and pessimism after the failure of Napoleons war. Later, Louis Bonarparte built up the second republic until he made himself

48、 emperor. In the war against German troops, the French army was beaten. French humiliation and despair culminated when German soldiers went into Paris. Under such circumstances, many Frenchmen, especially the writers and intellectuals, became more pessimistic, seeing more of the dark side of the hum

49、an society and human weakness. Some writers tried to use comparatively natural ways to reflect and represent real life, with the various characters and aspects of society. Such a method is similar to the realistic way of writing. Main IdeasText StudyBut the naturalist way of writing emphasizes more

50、of the influence on human nature and behavior of inheritance and environment, ignoring the social and historical role employed by fiction. Main IdeasMain IdeasText Study Naturalistic Novels and ArtMain IdeasNovelWriterWorksEmile ZolaRougon-MacquartGoncourt brothersGerminie LacerteuxGuy de Maupassant