2022年中考英语名词、冠词、代词知识点及易错题精讲精练 .pdf
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1、中考英语名词、冠词、代词知识点及易错题一. 名词I. 名词的种类 : 专有名词普通名词国名. 地名. 人名, 团体. 机构名称 可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数 : 1. 规则名词的复数形式 : 名词的复数形式 , 一般在单数形式后面加 -s 或-es 。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下 : 规则例词1 一般情况在词尾加 -s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以 s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加 -es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dish
2、es 3 以-f 或-fe 结尾的词变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 4 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词 , 变 y 为 i 加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 5 以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词 , 或专有名词以 y 结尾的 , 加
3、-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 6 以辅音字母加 -o 结尾的名词一般加 -es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加 -s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 7 以元音字母加 -o 结尾的名词加 -s radio-radios
4、, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以-th 结尾的名词加 -s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2. 不规则名词复数 : 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的, 现归纳如下 : 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 11 页规则例词1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series
5、, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体) 也可以作复数 ( 成员) audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public,
6、 enemy, party 6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs海 关 , forces军 队, times时代 , spirits情绪, drinks 饮料, sands 沙滩, papers 文件报纸 , manners礼貌, looks外表, brains头脑智力 , greens青菜, ruins废墟7 表示“某国人”加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man或-woman结尾的改为 -men,-women
7、 Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants III. 名词的所有格 : 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种: 一是名词词尾加 s 构成, 二是由介词 of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西, 后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s 所有格
8、的构成 : 单数名词在末尾加 s the boy s father, Jacks book,her son-in- laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother,不规则复数名词后加 s the childrens toys, women s rights, 以 s 结尾的人名所有格加 s 或者Dickens novels, Charles s job, the Smiths house 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 11 页表示各自的所有关系时 , 各
9、名词末尾均须加 s Japans and Americas probl ems, Janes and Mary s bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Mary s father 表示某人家 店铺, 所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles 2. s 所有格的用法 : 1 表示时间today s newspaper, five weeks holiday 2 表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the tree s
10、branches3 表示国家城市等地方的名词the country s plan, the world s population, Chinas industry 4 表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory 5 表示度量衡及价值a mile s journey, five dollars worth of apples 6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7 某些固定词组a bird s eye view, a stone s throw, at ones wit s
11、end 不知所措3. of所有格的用法 : 用于无生命的东西 :the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用 于 有 生 命 的 东 西 , 尤 其 是 有 较 长 定 语 时 :the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词 :the struggle of the oppressed ?二. 冠词冠词分为不定冠词 (a, an),定冠词 (the),和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法 : 1 指一类人或事 , 相当于 a kind of A plane is a machine that can
12、 fly. 2 第一次提及某人某物 , 非特指A boy is waiting for you. 3 表示“每一”相当于every,one We study eight hours a day. 4 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age. 5 用于人名前 , 表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. 6 用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time,
13、in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 11 页7 用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one. 8 用于 soas, too, how+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. II. 定冠词的用法 : 1 表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal. 2 用于
14、世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door4 用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children. 8 用于国家党
15、派等以及江河湖海, 山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前 , 指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s 11 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour. 12 用于方位名词 , 身体部位名词 , 及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder. III. 零冠词的用法 : 1 专有名词 , 物质名词 , 抽象
16、名词 , 人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 2 名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? 3 季节, 月份, 星期, 节假日 , 一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4 表示职位 , 身份, 头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America. 5 学科, 语言, 球类, 棋类名词前He
17、likes playing football/chess. 6 与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land 7 以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 11 页fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals三. 代词: I. 代词可以分为以下七大类 : 1 人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you,
18、 they 宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 2 物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 3 反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 4 指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some 5 疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what,
19、 whoever, whichever, whatever 6 关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as 7 不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either II. 不定代词用法注意点 : 1. one, some与 any: 1 one 可以泛指任何人 , 也可特指 , 复数为 ones。some多用于肯定句 ,any 多用于疑问句和否定句。 One s
20、hould learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask2 some可用于疑问句中 , 表示盼望得到肯定的答复 , 或者表示建议 , 请求等。 Would you like some bananas Could you give me some money? 3 some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时 ,some 表示某个 ,any 表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some mag
21、azine Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4 some和数词连用表示“大约”,any 可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school Do you feel any better today? 2. each 和 every: each 强调个别 , 代表的数可以是两个或两个以上, 而 every 强调整体 , 所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 11 页 Each student h
22、as a pocket dictionary. / Each of us has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none 和 no: no 等于 not any, 作定语。 none 作主语或宾语 , 代替不可数名词 , 谓语用单数, 代替可数名词 , 谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle. How much wa
23、ter is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are is afraid of difficulties. 4. other 和 another:1 other 泛指“另外的 , 别的”常与其他词连用 , 如:the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个 , 复数为 the others。如: He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. Tw
24、o students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam 2 another 指“又一个 , 另一个”无所指 , 复数形式是 others, 泛指“别的人或事”如: I don t like this shirt, please show me another one The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all和
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