英语句子结构课件.ppt

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1、英语基本句型英语基本句型英语的词性： 名词名词(nouns) n. 代词代词(pronoun) pron.实词实词 数词数词(numeral) num. 形容词形容词(adjective) adj. 或或a. 副词副词(adverb) adv. 动词动词(verb) v. 冠词冠词(article) art.虚词虚词 介词介词(preposition) prep. 连词连词(conjunction) conj. 助词助词(auxiliary) aux. 句子是写作的基本单位，只有写好句子才有可句子是写作的基本单位，只有写好句子才有可能写好文章。英语的句子成分有八种能写好文章。英语的句子成分有八

2、种： 主语主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、同位语状语、同位语, 主语补足语和宾语补足语。主语补足语和宾语补足语。 学会判断句子成分对以后学习难句奠定了基础。学会判断句子成分对以后学习难句奠定了基础。英语句子的构成也有其特定的规律，掌握了句子英语句子的构成也有其特定的规律，掌握了句子的基本句型、常见句式和词语的习惯搭配，的基本句型、常见句式和词语的习惯搭配，就能写出完整、正确的句子。就能写出完整、正确的句子。英语的句子成分： （一）（一） 主语：主语：是一个句子所叙述的主题，是一个句子所叙述的主题， Tom likes apples. He will take you

3、 to the hospital. Three plus four equals seven. To see is to believe. Smoking is not allowed in public places. Whether or not they will come depends on the weather.（二）谓语谓语由_担任。助动词或情态动词助动词或情态动词加其他加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。说明主语所做的动作或状态说明主语所做的动作或状态.动词有着各种时态的变化动词有着各种时态的变化 Action speaks louder tha

4、n words. They may come back again. Mary has worked at the shop since 1994. 动词动词/动词短语动词短语名词名词代词代词数词数词to do不定式不定式doing动名词动名词句子句子（三）宾语（三）宾语 表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语一般放在一般放在_之后。之后。_词后也会跟宾语。词后也会跟宾语。 She covered her face with her hands. We havent seen her for a long time. Do you mind opening t

5、he window? Give me four please. He wants to be an actor. We dont know what others are doing. We should take care of about our friends. 动词动词/动词短语动词短语介词介词名词名词 n代词代词 pron动名词动名词代词和数词代词和数词to do不定式不定式句子句子介词介词+名词名词宾语种类宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）直接宾语） You lend me your dictionary. My mother bought my bro

6、ther a computer.（2）复合宾语（宾语）复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语） They elected him their monitor. I find the homework difficult to finish.（四）表语（四）表语 它的位置在它的位置在_之后。是之后。是用来说明主语的用来说明主语的_,_, _的的.My father is a doctor. Whos that? Its me. Everything here is expensive. The match became very exciting. The story of my life may

7、 be of help to others.Three times five is fifteen.His plan is to seek work in the city. My first idea was that you should hide your feelings. 系动词系动词性质性质特征特征状态状态名词名词 n代词代词 pron形容词形容词 adjadj介词短语介词短语数词数词to do不定式不定式句子句子（五）（五） 定语定语 是修饰是修饰_词词.单词作定语时通常单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之放在它所修饰的名词之_；短语和从句；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词

8、之作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之_。They are woman workers. Toms father didnt write home until yesterday. Mary is a beautiful girl. Alan has three story books. This is her first trip to Europe. China is a developing country. I have nothing to eat. Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here. 名名前前后后 名词名

9、词名词所有格名词所有格形容词形容词 adj数词数词形容词形容词 /序数词序数词 /to do 不定式不定式现在分词现在分词 doingto do 不定式不定式从句从句(六）状语六）状语修饰修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态的特征状语表示地点、时间、说明动作或状态的特征状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步让步、伴随情况等、伴随情况等。 We planted trees in the park. I left the village five years ago. I arrived late because of th

10、e traffic jam . Well go there to find a good job. It was raining so that I couldnt go out. The students came into the classroom, singing and dancing. If he goes,I will tell you. Though he is a child, he knows a lot. 地点状语地点状语时间状语时间状语原因状语原因状语目的状语目的状语结果状语结果状语伴随状语伴随状语条件状语条件状语让步状语让步状语（七）宾语补足语。（七）宾语补足语。英语

11、有些及物动词，除了英语有些及物动词，除了要有宾语之外，还要加上宾语补足语，才能使要有宾语之外，还要加上宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。句子的意义完整。 They elected me captain of the team. We try to make our country strong. We found everything in good order there. I should advise you to get the chance. I saw him going upstairs. They found the house broken in.名词名词形容词形容词介词短语

12、介词短语to do 不定式不定式现在分词现在分词 doingdone 过去分词过去分词宾语和宾语补足语一起构成宾语和宾语补足语一起构成动词动词的复合结构的复合结构(八）主语补足语八）主语补足语 如果上述结构变成被动如果上述结构变成被动语态，原宾语成为主语，语态，原宾语成为主语，原宾语补足语原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足相应地变为主语补足语语I was elected captain of the team. Our country will be made strong.与宾语补足语一样与宾语补足语一样（九）同位语：（九）同位语：We students should study hard. (

13、students是是we的同位语，都是指同一批的同位语，都是指同一批学生学生）We all are students. (all是是we的同位语，都指同样的的同位语，都指同样的我们我们） I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.主主语语谓谓语语定定语语宾宾语语同同位位语语状状语语一一) 挑出下列句中的宾语挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you lea

14、rn last class? The old man sitting at the gate said that he was ill.一个完整的句子做一个完整的句子做宾语，宾语，那么这个句子叫那么这个句子叫宾语从句。宾语从句。(二二) 挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语- The leaves have turned yellow.- Soon They all became interested in the subject.- My dream is that I can be admitted into a key university.一个完整的句子做一个完整的句子做表语，表语，那

15、么这个句子叫那么这个句子叫表语从句。表语从句。(三三) 挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句中的定语1. What is your last name?2. I am afraid some people forgot to clean the floor.3. The man in the gym was trying to sleep.4.Gym is a place where you can exercise and have fun.一个完整的句子做一个完整的句子做定语，定语，那么这个句子叫那么这个句子叫定语从句。定语从句。(四四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 He a

16、sked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.(五五) 挑出下列句中的状语挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. He began to l

17、earn English when he was eleven.一个完整的句子做一个完整的句子做状语，状语，那么这个句子叫那么这个句子叫状语从句。状语从句。19 With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.

18、英语句子的类型英语句子的类型 简单句简单句 并列句并列句 复合句复合句只有一个主谓结构（五种基只有一个主谓结构（五种基本句型）本句型）有两个或两个以上主谓结构有两个或两个以上主谓结构一个主句加一个或几个从句一个主句加一个或几个从句简单句的基本句型简单句的基本句型-1主谓结构主谓结构简单句的基本句型简单句的基本句型-1主谓结构主谓结构 是由是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成主语加不及物的谓语动词构成, 常用来表常用来表示主语的动作。示主语的动作。如：如：The sun rises. Tom has already left. 主语主语可有修饰语可有修饰语-定语定语，谓语谓语可有修饰语可有修饰语-状语

19、状语。如如: 1. The red sun rises in the east.2. So they had to travel by air or boat.3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.4. She sat there alone, reading a novel.5. He came back when we were eating.6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up.(主语主语+不及物动词不及物动词)扩展

20、和修饰扩展和修饰 The boy spoke to his teacher. The little boy spoke loudly to his teacher. The boy named Tom spoke to his math teacher in a low voice. The little boy called Tom spoke to his Chinese teacher.yesterday evening. two hours.in the past ten years. 1她昨天回家很晚。她昨天回家很晚。2会议将持续两个小时。会议将持续两个小时。3在过去的十年里，（在）

21、我的家乡已经发生了巨大在过去的十年里，（在）我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。的变化。She went home very lateThe meeting will last Great changes have taken place in my home town巩固练习：巩固练习：简单句的基本句型简单句的基本句型-2主谓宾结构主谓宾结构主谓宾结构主谓宾结构 本结构是由本结构是由主语主语+及物的谓语动词及物的谓语动词+宾语构成宾语构成。 宾语成分的多样化宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。使得这一结构异常复杂。如如：1. Tom made a hole in the wall. 2. I d

22、ont know if he can come tomorrow. 3. They havent decided where to go next. 4. She stopped teaching English two years ago. 5. It took them ten years to build the dam. 6. Mother promises to give me a present.(主语主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语)扩展和修饰扩展和修饰 I forgot to mail the letter yesterday. Unfortunately, I forgot

23、to mail the letter yesterday. Unfortunately, I forgot to mail the letter yesterday, which disappointed my mum so much.1昨晚我写了一封信。昨晚我写了一封信。2今天下午我想同你谈谈。今天下午我想同你谈谈。3这本书他读过多次了这本书他读过多次了4他们成功地完成了计划。他们成功地完成了计划。5那位先生能流利地说三种语言。那位先生能流利地说三种语言。 I wrote a letter last night.I want to talk with you this afternoon.H

24、e has read this book many times.They have carried out the plan successfully.That gentleman can speak three languagesfluently.巩固练习：巩固练习：简单句的基本句型简单句的基本句型3 双宾语结构双宾语结构英语基本句型英语基本句型3 双宾语结构双宾语结构 说明：此结构由说明：此结构由“主语主语+及物谓语动词及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）间接宾语（人） +直接宾语（事物）直接宾语（事物）”组成。如：组成。如： He brings me cookies every day.但若要但

25、若要先说出直接宾语（事物），先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语后说间接宾语（人），（人），则要借助于介词则要借助于介词to或或for。如：。如： He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me.用用to侧重指动作的方向，表示侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着朝着，向着，对着某人。某人。用用for 侧重指动作的受益者，侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助需借助to的的）bring, give, lend, hand, offe

26、r, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；等；（需借助（需借助for 的）的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。等。(主语主语+及物动词及物动词+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语)扩展和修饰扩展和修饰 Grandma told me a story. As expected, Grandma told me a story . Grandma told me a story for t

27、he purpose of cheering me up. Grandma told me one story after another in the hope of cheering me up.1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。先生去年教我们德语。 2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3请把那本字典递给我好吗？请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 4他把车票给列车员看。他把车票给列车员看。 Mr Johnson taught us German last year.Grandma told me an interesting storylast night.W

28、ould you please pass me the dictionary?He showed the ticket to the conductor. 简单句的基本句型简单句的基本句型-4 主系表结构主系表结构英语基本句型英语基本句型-4主系表结构主系表结构 本结构是由本结构是由主语主语+系动词系动词+表语表语组成，主要用以组成，主要用以说明主语的说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份特征，类属，状态，身份等。系动词等。系动词有有:1.表示特征和存在状态的表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound; 2.表示状态延续的

29、表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;3.表示状态变化的表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow; Our English teacher is thirty years old.The cake tastes delicious. We feel used to living in big cities.The potatoes went bad in the fields.Their boss seems satisfied with the work. Deep water

30、stays still.(主语主语+连系动词连系动词+表语表语)扩展和修饰扩展和修饰 The soup tastes good. To our surprise, The soup tastes good. The soup tastes good,which is beyond our expectation. Frankly speaking, The soup tastes good. To be honest, The soup tastes so good as to surprise everyone.巩固练习：巩固练习：1冬季白天短，夜晚长冬季白天短，夜晚长2十五岁他十五岁他就成

31、为就成为有名的钢琴家了。有名的钢琴家了。 3孩子们很少孩子们很少保持保持安静。安静。 4她的工作她的工作是是在幼儿园里照看儿童。在幼儿园里照看儿童。In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.At the age of fifteen, he became a famous pianist.Children seldom keep quiet. Her job is to look after the children in the nursery.5他失业了。他失业了。 6树叶树叶已经变已经变黄了黄了7这个报告这个报告听起来听起

32、来很有意思很有意思He is out of work. The leaves have turned yellow.The report sounds interesting.简单句的基本句型简单句的基本句型5 复合宾语结构复合宾语结构英语基本句型英语基本句型5 复合宾语结构复合宾语结构 说明说明: 此结构由此结构由“主语主语+及物的谓语动词及物的谓语动词+宾语宾语+宾宾语补足语语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。可可以用做宾补的有：以用做宾补的

33、有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词不定式，分词等。如：等。如： The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing.You must get your hair cut. They made Tom monitor.He used to do his homework with his radio on. 用用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：即：主语

34、主语+谓语谓语+it+宾补宾补+真正宾语真正宾语。如：。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.巩固练习：巩固练习：1我们叫她我们叫她Alice. 2我们大家都认为他是诚实的。我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 3他们把小偷释放了。他们把小偷释放了。 4我要你把真相告诉我。我要你把真相告诉我。 5 .卫兵命令我们立即离开。卫兵命令我们立即离开。 6. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 7他每个月理一次发他每个月理一次发8我们不会让她在晚上外出的。我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 We call her Alice

35、. All of us considered him honest.They have set the thief free. I want you to tell me the truth. The guards ordered us to leave at once. Every morning we hear him read English aloud. He has his hair cut once a month. We wont let her go out at night. 英语基本句型英语基本句型6 There be 句型句型英语基本句型英语基本句型6 There be

36、句型句型 说明：说明： 此句型是由此句型是由“there+be+主语主语+其他其他”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“有有”。 它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。仅为引导词，并无实际语意。 此句型有时不用此句型有时不用be动词，而用动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。如：等。如： There stands a hill in the middle of the park. Once upon

37、 a time there lived an old king in the town. be 与与其后的主语其后的主语在人称和数量上在人称和数量上一致一致，有，有时时态和情态变化态和情态变化。如：。如： 现在有现在有 There is/are 过去有过去有 There was/were 将来有将来有 There will be； There is /are going to be. 现在已经有现在已经有 There has/have been 可能有可能有 There might be. 肯定有肯定有 There must be There must have been. 过去曾经有过去曾经

38、有 There used to be 似乎有似乎有 There seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有碰巧有 There happen/happens/happened to be There beThere be + 主语主语 (例句) There was a big fire in the early April of 1978. There seemed to be a big fire in the early April of 1978. There was said to be a big fire in the early April of 1978. There

39、 happened to be a big fire in the early April of 1978. There couldnt have been a big fire in the early April of 1978.巩固练习：巩固练习：1这个村子过去只有一口井。这个村子过去只有一口井。 2客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。 3天气预报说下午有大风。天气预报说下午有大风。 4灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。 5战前这儿一直有家电影院的战前这儿一直有家电影院的.Among the guests there were two A

40、mericans and two Frenchmen.The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon. The light is on. There must be someone in the office. There used to be a cinema here before the war.There was only a well in the village. 6恰好那时房里没人。恰好那时房里没人。 7从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。 8公共汽车来了。公共汽车来了。 9就只剩下二十八美元了。就只剩下二十八美元了。 10铃响了。铃响了。 There happened to be nobody in the room at that time. Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.There comes the bus.There remained only twenty eight dollars.There goes the bell.