Unit+1-跨文化交际.ppt

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1、2 CONTENTS 1. Case study 2. Terminology (术语术语) 3. Barriers to effective intercultural communication4. Strategies for effective intercultural communication Case StudyvExtended Reading I: Question 2vExample one: attitudes toward friendshipvExample two: values concerning family lifevCase 1 belief of ol

2、d age, the way of showing concernvCase 2 rule of politenessvCase 3 good mannersTerminology vCulture vCommunicationvIntercultural communication5Define culture yourself Today, culture is a word that we often hear, read and even talk of, such as Chinese culture, English culture, Tea culture, Campus cul

3、ture, and so on. But when it comes to the meaning of culture, it may not be easy to give it a satisfactory definition. Activity 1 Work in pair and discuss the following questions:1. Write a simple definition of culture.2. Compare your definition with your partner. Note the similarities and differenc

4、es.3. What are the characteristics(特征特征） of culture?7 Liang Shuming, a well-known Chinese scholar, offers three aspects of culture in his book Culture & Philosophy: Defined by LIANG Shuming(1) Material life such as material things, essential for human survival; (2) Social life such as lifestyles, so

5、cial organizations, and political and economic relation; (3) Spiritual life such as religion, philosophy, value systems, science and art. 8The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively; The customs, civilizations and achievement of a particular time or peo

6、ple;Improvement by mental or physical training. Defined by Oxford Dictionary we define culture as the deposit(沉淀)of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, social hierarchies(等级）, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relationships, concepts of the universe, and material obj

7、ects and possessions acquired by the group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. Samovar and Porter（ 2007: 9）10Culture is usually understood in both broad sense and narrow sense. Culture can be defined as “attributes（属性）of man” in its broad sense, including wh

8、at distinguishes man from the rest part of the world. When culture is contrasted with nature, it can be defined as “life way of a population” in its narrow sense, meaning what characterizes the particular way of life of a population. Culture in broad sense and narrow sense11Elements of CultureCultur

9、e: an evasive（含糊的含糊的）conceptDifferent meanings for different people An evasive concept difficult to define. Over 200 definitions of culture so far Essence of culture:Culture can be regarded as an observable pattern of behavior shared by a group of peopleCulture can be seen as shared knowledge, what

10、people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.Understanding culture Understanding culture is about being conscious of what we do everyday without even thinking about it. The key to understanding culture is the recognition that culture is transmitted and maintained solely throu

11、gh learning, enculturation（同化）and group interaction (Dwyer 2005, p. 33). The Iceberg of culture What we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg, the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight.Iceberg analogy(类比)of culture Tip (external culture):language, customs, typical food, dressacqu

12、ired through observation, education/trainingeasily learned and can be changed. Under water (internal culture):values, ways of thinking and perceiving, non-verbal communicationOvertly（公开地）learned (formal education) or implicitly learned through socialisationinfluences/motivates our behaviourQuestion

13、What are the things in a culture that can be said to be above or below the waterwithin or out of our consciousness? -what and how people eat -how to keep healthy -how to raise children -how to do business-how to use time -how to introduce people -how to participate in ceremonies -rules for gestures

14、-rules for facial expressions and eye contact -rituals, etiquette -work speed -What is right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, good or bad, etc.? -Theories of disease, sin, death, god or gods, self, etc. Can you add more to the above list?Examine the following cases and summarize the char

15、acteristics of culture: 1. Your parents kiss you and you learn about kissingwhom to kiss, when to kiss, and so on. 2. Your children laugh at the same jokes you laugh at ,which you heard from your parents in your own childhood. 3. You read Chinese books or talk with an American in English.The popular

16、 skirts in different times Characteristics of Culture1) Culture is shared The members of a culture share a set of ideals, values, and s t a n d a r d s o f behaviors, and this set of ideals is what gives meaning to their lives, and what bond them together as a culture. Actually, culture is not innat

17、e s e n s i b i l i t y, b u t a l e a r n e d characteristic. Children begin learning about their own culture at home with their immediate family and how they interact each other, how they dress, and the rituals they perform. When the children are growing in the community, their cultural education

18、is advanced by watching social interactions, taking part in cultural activities and rituals in the community, forming their own relationships and taking their place in the culture.2) Culture is learnedIn order for the culture to be transmitted from one person to the next, and from one generation to

19、the next, a system of symbols needs to be created that translates the ideals of the culture to its m e m b e r s . T h i s i s accomplished through language, art, religion and money.3) Culture is based on symbols. I t i s n e c e s s a r y t o recognize that cultures are dynamic rather than s t a t

20、i c . T h e y a r e constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. 4) Culture is changing. 25History offers so many examples of how cultures have changed as a result of laws, shifts in values, natural disasters, wars, or calamities. More and more

21、 women work as CEOs in major companies and as officials in government instead of remaining at home looking after children. Both women and men have made adaptation to this cultural change.5） Culture is adaptiveActivity 2Form groups of three or four students.Working alone, write down five rules or con

22、ventions your family follows when eating a meal together. In one household, the five rules might be as follows:Set the table.Turn off the television.Help bring the food to the table.Wait until everyone is seated before starting to eat.1.At the end of the meal, thank whoever cooked the meal.Activity

23、2 (cont.)Now, compare your familys rules with those in your group. What are different? What are the same? How many of your family meal rules are based on your familys own ideas and how many on wider cultural expectations (e.g. using chopsticks vs using spoons)?Spend some time in your group discussin

24、g how the rules change depending on particular circumstances (e.g. when a guest comes to dinner; when a family member has a birthday; on the weekend, etc.).The unspoken rules Life is made up of hundreds of unspoken expectations and ways of behaving. Even within the same ethnic and linguistic backgro

25、und, the culture will be distinct from one family to another. Individual behaviour also depends on the context and the other individuals with whom the interaction is taking place.The shared rules Use chopsticks Share dishes Good table mannersConceptualising communication Communication is a process i

26、nvolving the transmitting and interpreting of messages. context contact addresser-message- -addressee codeCreation of meaning The channel used to transmit the message influences how we interpret the meaning. For example:face-to-facetelephonecomputer-mediated (e.g. email, Internet)handwritten message

27、. The context also influences the interpretation of the message (e.g. work, home, school) and issues of power affect the interpretation of a message.Intercultural communication Samovar et. al.(2008:48) give a definition of intercultural communication as “communication between people whose cultural p

28、erceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.” To be simple, it is communication between people of different cultural backgrounds.Intercultural communication is the process of sending and receiving messages between people whose cultural background leads them to

29、interpret verbal and nonverbal signs differently.34Intercultural Communication means the communication between people who have different cultural backgrounds.The Fifty-six Ethnic Groups in China 35We mainly focus on the communication or exchange or differences between the Chinese and the Westerners.

30、36The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese PeopleSaving Face Hardworking Formal37The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese PeopleInsensitive to time Tending to misunderstand Beating about the bush38The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese PeopleNever kissed parents Shanzai everywhere39The at

31、titudes by Chinese towards WesternersKiss and hug anytime and anywhere Going Dutch40The attitudes by Chinese towards WesternersBeing punctual Mind your own business Too frankThe barriers to effective intercultural communication Ethnocentrism Stereotypes PrejudiceEthnocentrism(民族优越感) The belief in th

32、e superiority of ones own culture (Guffey 2001, p. 12) Judging others by ones own values Often results in stereotypesStereotypes(模式化的见解模式化的见解) Stereotypes are the perceptions or beliefs we hold about groups or individuals based on previously formed opinions and attitudes (Samovar and Porter, 1991, p

33、.280)Stereotypes “Heaven is where the police are English, the cooks are French, the mechanics are German, the lovers are Italian and everything is organized by the Swiss. Hell is where the police are German, the cooks are English, the mechanics are French, the lovers are Swiss, and everything is org

34、anized by the Italians.” Role-play: P.20 Case 5 Different attitudes toward a fly in a beer From Mitchell, 2000 German: The Germans are usually seen as rigid, somewhat humorless and obsessed with order and formality. A smile does not come easily and business is taken seriously. They are particularly

35、focused on detail. American Brash, materialistic. A cowboy culture where individuals are obsessed with time and deadlines. A society plagued by crime and violence. Japanese Very group-oriented. Quiet, shy, reserved and highly respectful of status and position. Negotiates in groups or teams and avoid

36、s criticism of partners and proposals. Japanese will work their whole career at a single company. Chinese Like the Japanese, they always seem to travel in groups. They are quiet, reserved and never lose their temper. But at times they seem chaotic and unfocused.Stereotypes Oversimplified behavioural

37、 patterns applied to entire groupse.g. all Australians drink beer Fixed and distorted generalisations about all members of a group Ignore individual differences and specifics of the person or the situation Support underlying prejudices or biases Support a superiority/inferiority belief system Used t

38、o justify unfair differential treatment Learnt through socialisation and often reinforced or perpetuated(使人记住不忘)by the media 傻瓜，一般说的是陕西话；骗子，一般说的是傻瓜，一般说的是陕西话；骗子，一般说的是河南话；暴发户，一定是广东话；土包子，一般河南话；暴发户，一定是广东话；土包子，一般讲的是东北话。至于融大气、智慧与根正苗红于讲的是东北话。至于融大气、智慧与根正苗红于一身的正面人物，一定是在讲普通话。一身的正面人物，一定是在讲普通话。 春晚早已结束了，但关于它的争论却

39、远未停止。日前一位广东政协委员就义正词严地指出，小品北京欢迎你丑化了广东人。 （摘自（摘自羊城晚报羊城晚报2009年年2月月24日日B4版，版，“说法说法”栏目）栏目）Prejudice Prejudice involves an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towards another group of people. An example of prejudice would be the attitude that women should not be in positions of power because they are no

40、t as logical or competent as men( Plotnic & Mollenauer, 1996, p.565)Group Discussion Do you sometimes have conflicts with your roommates or classmates? If yes, what are the reasons and how do you resolve them? If not, how do you avoid them?Strategies for effective intercultural communication Intercu

41、ltural awareness Overcome ethnocentrism Communicate across culturesInter-cultural awareness The awareness to understand culturesour own and othersby means of objective, non-judgmental comparisons A n a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r a n d a n understanding of cultural pluralism(多多元文化元文化)qAcknowledge an

42、d accept distinctions. Dont ignore differences between another persons culture and your own. qAvoid assumptions. Dont assume that others will act the same way you do, that they will operate from the same assumptions, or that they will use language and symbols the same way you do. qAvoid judgments.Wh

43、en people act differently, dont conclude that they are in error, that their way is invalid, or that their customs are inferior to your own. Assume differences Take responsibility Withhold judgment Show respect Empathize (understand) Tolerate ambiguity Look beyond the superficial. Dont be distracted

44、by things such as dress, appearance, or environmental discomforts. Be patient and persistent. If you want to communicate with someone from another culture, dont give up easily. Recognize your own cultural biases. Learn to identify when your assumptions are different from the other persons. Be flexib

45、le. Be prepared to change your habits and attitudes when communicating with someone from another culture.60 Emphasize common ground. Look for similarities to work from. Send clear messages. Make both your verbal and nonverbal signals clear and consistent. Deal with the individual. Communicate with e

46、ach person as an individual, not as a stereotypical representative of another group. Learn when to be direct. Investigate each culture so that youll know when to send your message in a straightforward manner and when to be indirect. Treat your interpretation as a working hypothesis. Once you think y

47、ou understand a foreign culture, carefully assess the feedback provided by recipients of your communication to see if it confirms your hypothesis.q When sending written communication to businesspeople from another culture, familiarize yourself with their written communication preferences and adapt y

48、our approach, style, and tone to meet your audiences expectations. To help you prepare effective written communications, follow these recommendations: q Use plain language: short, precise words that say exactly what you mean. q Be clear by using specific terms and concrete examples. q Address intern

49、ational correspondence properly. q Cite numbers carefully. Use figures (27) instead of spelling them out twenty-seven).q Avoid slang, jargon. q Be brief. Construct sentences that are shorter and simpler than those you might use when writing to someone fluent in your own language. q Use short paragra

50、phs. Each paragraph should stick to one topic and be no more than eight to ten lines long. q Use transitional elements. Help readers follow your train thought by using transitional words and phrases. When speaking in English (other language) to people who speak that language as a second language,Sum